Ziyu Wang, Tom Schaul, Matteo Hessel, Hado van Hasselt, Marc Lanctot, Nando de Freitas
In recent years there have been many successes of using deep representations in reinforcement learning. Still, many of these applications use conventional architectures, such as convolutional networks, LSTMs, or auto-encoders. In this paper, we present a new neural network architecture for model-free reinforcement learning. Our dueling network represents two separate estimators: one for the state value function and one for the state-dependent action advantage function. The main benefit of this factoring is to generalize learning across actions without imposing any change to the underlying reinforcement learning algorithm. Our results show that this architecture leads to better policy evaluation in the presence of many similar-valued actions. Moreover, the dueling architecture enables our RL agent to outperform the state-of-the-art on the Atari 2600 domain.
| Task | Dataset | Metric | Value | Model |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Boxing | Score | 99.4 | Duel noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Boxing | Score | 98.9 | Prior+Duel noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Boxing | Score | 91.6 | DDQN (tuned) noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Boxing | Score | 77.3 | Duel hs |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Double Dunk | Score | 0.1 | Duel noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Double Dunk | Score | -0.8 | Duel hs |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Double Dunk | Score | -5.5 | DDQN (tuned) noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Double Dunk | Score | -12.5 | Prior+Duel noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Ms. Pacman | Score | 6283.5 | Duel noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Ms. Pacman | Score | 3327.3 | Prior+Duel noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Ms. Pacman | Score | 2711.4 | DDQN (tuned) noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Ms. Pacman | Score | 2250.6 | Duel hs |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Centipede | Score | 7687.5 | Prior+Duel noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Centipede | Score | 7561.4 | Duel noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Centipede | Score | 5409.4 | DDQN (tuned) noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Centipede | Score | 4881 | Duel hs |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Tutankham | Score | 245.9 | Prior+Duel noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Tutankham | Score | 218.4 | DDQN (tuned) noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Tutankham | Score | 211.4 | Duel noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Tutankham | Score | 48 | Duel hs |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Freeway | Score | 33.3 | DDQN (tuned) noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Freeway | Score | 33 | Prior+Duel noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Freeway | Score | 0.2 | Duel hs |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Pong | Score | 21 | Duel noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Pong | Score | 20.9 | DDQN (tuned) noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Pong | Score | 20.9 | Prior+Duel noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Pong | Score | 18.8 | Duel hs |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Enduro | Score | 2306.4 | Prior+Duel noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Enduro | Score | 2258.2 | Duel noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Enduro | Score | 2077.4 | Duel hs |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Enduro | Score | 1211.8 | DDQN (tuned) noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Krull | Score | 11451.9 | Duel noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Krull | Score | 10374.4 | Prior+Duel noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Krull | Score | 8051.6 | Duel hs |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Krull | Score | 7920.5 | DDQN (tuned) noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Breakout | Score | 418.5 | DDQN (tuned) noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Breakout | Score | 411.6 | Duel hs |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Breakout | Score | 366 | Prior+Duel noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Breakout | Score | 345.3 | Duel noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Frostbite | Score | 7413 | Prior+Duel noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Frostbite | Score | 4672.8 | Duel noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Frostbite | Score | 2332.4 | Duel hs |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Frostbite | Score | 1683.3 | DDQN (tuned) noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Montezuma's Revenge | Score | 22 | Duel hs |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Gopher | Score | 104368.2 | Prior+Duel noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Gopher | Score | 20051.4 | Duel hs |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Gopher | Score | 15718.4 | Duel noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Gopher | Score | 14840.8 | DDQN (tuned) noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Space Invaders | Score | 15311.5 | Prior+Duel noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Space Invaders | Score | 6427.3 | Duel noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Space Invaders | Score | 5993.1 | Duel hs |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Space Invaders | Score | 2525.5 | DDQN (tuned) noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 James Bond | Score | 1358 | DDQN (tuned) noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 James Bond | Score | 1312.5 | Duel noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 James Bond | Score | 835.5 | Duel hs |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 James Bond | Score | 812 | Prior+Duel noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Amidar | Score | 2354.5 | Duel noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Amidar | Score | 2296.8 | Prior+Duel noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Amidar | Score | 1793.3 | DDQN (tuned) noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Amidar | Score | 238.4 | Prior+Duel hs |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Amidar | Score | 238.4 | Prior+Duel hs |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Amidar | Score | 172.7 | Duel hs |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Tennis | Score | 5.1 | Duel noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Tennis | Score | 4.4 | Duel hs |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Tennis | Score | -22.8 | DDQN (tuned) noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Crazy Climber | Score | 162224 | Prior+Duel noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Crazy Climber | Score | 143570 | Duel noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Crazy Climber | Score | 124566 | Duel hs |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Crazy Climber | Score | 117282 | DDQN (tuned) noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Asteroids | Score | 2837.7 | Duel noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Asteroids | Score | 2035.4 | Duel hs |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Asteroids | Score | 1192.7 | Prior+Duel noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Asteroids | Score | 734.7 | DDQN (tuned) noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Gravitar | Score | 588 | Duel noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Gravitar | Score | 412 | DDQN (tuned) noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Gravitar | Score | 297 | Duel hs |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Gravitar | Score | 238 | Prior+Duel noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Time Pilot | Score | 11666 | Duel noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Time Pilot | Score | 8339 | DDQN (tuned) noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Time Pilot | Score | 7553 | Prior+Duel noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Time Pilot | Score | 6601 | Duel hs |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Demon Attack | Score | 72878.6 | Prior+Duel noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Demon Attack | Score | 60813.3 | Duel noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Demon Attack | Score | 58044.2 | DDQN (tuned) noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Demon Attack | Score | 56322.8 | Duel hs |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Battle Zone | Score | 37150 | Duel noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Battle Zone | Score | 35520 | Prior+Duel noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Battle Zone | Score | 31700 | DDQN (tuned) noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Battle Zone | Score | 31320 | Duel hs |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Phoenix | Score | 63597 | Prior+Duel hs |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Beam Rider | Score | 30276.5 | Prior+Duel noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Beam Rider | Score | 14591.3 | Duel hs |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Beam Rider | Score | 13772.8 | DDQN (tuned) noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Beam Rider | Score | 12164 | Duel noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Asterix | Score | 375080 | Prior+Duel noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Asterix | Score | 364200 | Prior+Duel hs |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Asterix | Score | 364200 | Prior+Duel hs |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Asterix | Score | 28188 | Duel noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Asterix | Score | 17356.5 | DDQN (tuned) noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Asterix | Score | 15840 | Duel hs |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Kung-Fu Master | Score | 48375 | Prior+Duel noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Kung-Fu Master | Score | 34294 | Duel noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Kung-Fu Master | Score | 29710 | DDQN (tuned) noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Kung-Fu Master | Score | 24288 | Duel hs |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Bowling | Score | 68.1 | DDQN (tuned) noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Bowling | Score | 65.7 | Duel hs |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Bowling | Score | 65.5 | Duel noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Bowling | Score | 46.7 | Prior+Duel noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Kangaroo | Score | 14854 | Duel noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Kangaroo | Score | 12992 | DDQN (tuned) noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Kangaroo | Score | 10334 | Duel hs |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Kangaroo | Score | 1792 | Prior+Duel noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Assault | Score | 11477 | Prior+Duel noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Assault | Score | 10950.6 | Prior+Duel hs |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Assault | Score | 10950.6 | Prior+Duel hs |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Assault | Score | 5393.2 | DDQN (tuned) noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Assault | Score | 4621 | Duel noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Assault | Score | 3994.8 | Duel hs |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Alien | Score | 4461.4 | Duel noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Alien | Score | 3941 | Prior+Duel noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Alien | Score | 3747.7 | DDQN (tuned) noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Alien | Score | 1486.5 | Duel hs |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Alien | Score | 823.7 | Prior+Duel hs |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Alien | Score | 823.7 | Prior+Duel hs |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Fishing Derby | Score | 46.4 | Duel noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Fishing Derby | Score | 41.3 | Prior+Duel noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Fishing Derby | Score | 15.5 | DDQN (tuned) noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Fishing Derby | Score | -4.1 | Duel hs |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Seaquest | Score | 50254.2 | Duel noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Seaquest | Score | 37361.6 | Duel hs |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Seaquest | Score | 16452.7 | DDQN (tuned) noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Seaquest | Score | 931.6 | Prior+Duel noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Chopper Command | Score | 13185 | Prior+Duel noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Chopper Command | Score | 11215 | Duel noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Chopper Command | Score | 5809 | DDQN (tuned) noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Chopper Command | Score | 3784 | Duel hs |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Video Pinball | Score | 479197 | Prior+Duel noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Video Pinball | Score | 309941.9 | DDQN (tuned) noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Video Pinball | Score | 110976.2 | Duel hs |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Video Pinball | Score | 98209.5 | Duel noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Wizard of Wor | Score | 12352 | Prior+Duel noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Wizard of Wor | Score | 7855 | Duel noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Wizard of Wor | Score | 7492 | DDQN (tuned) noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Wizard of Wor | Score | 7054 | Duel hs |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Zaxxon | Score | 13886 | Prior+Duel noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Zaxxon | Score | 12944 | Duel noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Zaxxon | Score | 10164 | Duel hs |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Zaxxon | Score | 10163 | DDQN (tuned) noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Defender | Score | 42214 | Duel noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Defender | Score | 41324.5 | Prior+Duel noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Defender | Score | 34415 | Prior+Duel hs |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Robotank | Score | 65.3 | Duel noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Robotank | Score | 65.1 | DDQN (tuned) noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Robotank | Score | 62 | Duel hs |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Robotank | Score | 27.5 | Prior+Duel noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Name This Game | Score | 15572.5 | Prior+Duel noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Name This Game | Score | 11971.1 | Duel noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Name This Game | Score | 11185.1 | Duel hs |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Name This Game | Score | 10616 | DDQN (tuned) noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Star Gunner | Score | 125117 | Prior+Duel noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Star Gunner | Score | 90804 | Duel hs |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Star Gunner | Score | 89238 | Duel noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Star Gunner | Score | 60142 | DDQN (tuned) noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Ice Hockey | Score | 0.5 | Duel noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Ice Hockey | Score | -1.3 | Duel hs |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Ice Hockey | Score | -2.7 | DDQN (tuned) noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Ice Hockey | Score | -0.4 | Prior+Duel noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Berzerk | Score | 3409 | Prior+Duel noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Berzerk | Score | 1472.6 | Duel noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Berzerk | Score | 1225.4 | DDQN (tuned) noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Berzerk | Score | 910.6 | Duel hs |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Atlantis | Score | 445360 | Duel hs |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Atlantis | Score | 395762 | Prior+Duel noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Atlantis | Score | 382572 | Duel noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Atlantis | Score | 106056 | DDQN (tuned) noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 HERO | Score | 21036.5 | Prior+Duel noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 HERO | Score | 20818.2 | Duel noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 HERO | Score | 20130.2 | DDQN (tuned) noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 HERO | Score | 15207.9 | Duel hs |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Bank Heist | Score | 1611.9 | Duel noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Bank Heist | Score | 1503.1 | Prior+Duel noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Bank Heist | Score | 1129.3 | Duel hs |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Bank Heist | Score | 1030.6 | DDQN (tuned) noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Venture | Score | 497 | Duel noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Venture | Score | 200 | Duel hs |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Venture | Score | 98 | DDQN (tuned) noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Venture | Score | 48 | Prior+Duel noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Private Eye | Score | 292.6 | Duel hs |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Private Eye | Score | 206 | Prior+Duel noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Private Eye | Score | 129.7 | DDQN (tuned) noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Private Eye | Score | 103 | Duel noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Q*Bert | Score | 19220.3 | Duel noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Q*Bert | Score | 18760.3 | Prior+Duel noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Q*Bert | Score | 15088.5 | DDQN (tuned) noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Q*Bert | Score | 14175.8 | Duel hs |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 River Raid | Score | 21162.6 | Duel noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 River Raid | Score | 20607.6 | Prior+Duel noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 River Raid | Score | 16569.4 | Duel hs |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 River Raid | Score | 14884.5 | DDQN (tuned) noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Road Runner | Score | 69524 | Duel noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Road Runner | Score | 62151 | Prior+Duel noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Road Runner | Score | 58549 | Duel hs |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Road Runner | Score | 44127 | DDQN (tuned) noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Up and Down | Score | 44939.6 | Duel noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Up and Down | Score | 33879.1 | Prior+Duel noop |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Up and Down | Score | 24759.2 | Duel hs |
| Atari Games | Atari 2600 Up and Down | Score | 22972.2 | DDQN (tuned) noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Boxing | Score | 99.4 | Duel noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Boxing | Score | 98.9 | Prior+Duel noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Boxing | Score | 91.6 | DDQN (tuned) noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Boxing | Score | 77.3 | Duel hs |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Double Dunk | Score | 0.1 | Duel noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Double Dunk | Score | -0.8 | Duel hs |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Double Dunk | Score | -5.5 | DDQN (tuned) noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Double Dunk | Score | -12.5 | Prior+Duel noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Ms. Pacman | Score | 6283.5 | Duel noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Ms. Pacman | Score | 3327.3 | Prior+Duel noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Ms. Pacman | Score | 2711.4 | DDQN (tuned) noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Ms. Pacman | Score | 2250.6 | Duel hs |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Centipede | Score | 7687.5 | Prior+Duel noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Centipede | Score | 7561.4 | Duel noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Centipede | Score | 5409.4 | DDQN (tuned) noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Centipede | Score | 4881 | Duel hs |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Tutankham | Score | 245.9 | Prior+Duel noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Tutankham | Score | 218.4 | DDQN (tuned) noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Tutankham | Score | 211.4 | Duel noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Tutankham | Score | 48 | Duel hs |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Freeway | Score | 33.3 | DDQN (tuned) noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Freeway | Score | 33 | Prior+Duel noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Freeway | Score | 0.2 | Duel hs |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Pong | Score | 21 | Duel noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Pong | Score | 20.9 | DDQN (tuned) noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Pong | Score | 20.9 | Prior+Duel noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Pong | Score | 18.8 | Duel hs |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Enduro | Score | 2306.4 | Prior+Duel noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Enduro | Score | 2258.2 | Duel noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Enduro | Score | 2077.4 | Duel hs |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Enduro | Score | 1211.8 | DDQN (tuned) noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Krull | Score | 11451.9 | Duel noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Krull | Score | 10374.4 | Prior+Duel noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Krull | Score | 8051.6 | Duel hs |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Krull | Score | 7920.5 | DDQN (tuned) noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Breakout | Score | 418.5 | DDQN (tuned) noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Breakout | Score | 411.6 | Duel hs |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Breakout | Score | 366 | Prior+Duel noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Breakout | Score | 345.3 | Duel noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Frostbite | Score | 7413 | Prior+Duel noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Frostbite | Score | 4672.8 | Duel noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Frostbite | Score | 2332.4 | Duel hs |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Frostbite | Score | 1683.3 | DDQN (tuned) noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Montezuma's Revenge | Score | 22 | Duel hs |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Gopher | Score | 104368.2 | Prior+Duel noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Gopher | Score | 20051.4 | Duel hs |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Gopher | Score | 15718.4 | Duel noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Gopher | Score | 14840.8 | DDQN (tuned) noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Space Invaders | Score | 15311.5 | Prior+Duel noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Space Invaders | Score | 6427.3 | Duel noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Space Invaders | Score | 5993.1 | Duel hs |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Space Invaders | Score | 2525.5 | DDQN (tuned) noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 James Bond | Score | 1358 | DDQN (tuned) noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 James Bond | Score | 1312.5 | Duel noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 James Bond | Score | 835.5 | Duel hs |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 James Bond | Score | 812 | Prior+Duel noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Amidar | Score | 2354.5 | Duel noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Amidar | Score | 2296.8 | Prior+Duel noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Amidar | Score | 1793.3 | DDQN (tuned) noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Amidar | Score | 238.4 | Prior+Duel hs |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Amidar | Score | 238.4 | Prior+Duel hs |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Amidar | Score | 172.7 | Duel hs |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Tennis | Score | 5.1 | Duel noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Tennis | Score | 4.4 | Duel hs |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Tennis | Score | -22.8 | DDQN (tuned) noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Crazy Climber | Score | 162224 | Prior+Duel noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Crazy Climber | Score | 143570 | Duel noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Crazy Climber | Score | 124566 | Duel hs |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Crazy Climber | Score | 117282 | DDQN (tuned) noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Asteroids | Score | 2837.7 | Duel noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Asteroids | Score | 2035.4 | Duel hs |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Asteroids | Score | 1192.7 | Prior+Duel noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Asteroids | Score | 734.7 | DDQN (tuned) noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Gravitar | Score | 588 | Duel noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Gravitar | Score | 412 | DDQN (tuned) noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Gravitar | Score | 297 | Duel hs |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Gravitar | Score | 238 | Prior+Duel noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Time Pilot | Score | 11666 | Duel noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Time Pilot | Score | 8339 | DDQN (tuned) noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Time Pilot | Score | 7553 | Prior+Duel noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Time Pilot | Score | 6601 | Duel hs |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Demon Attack | Score | 72878.6 | Prior+Duel noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Demon Attack | Score | 60813.3 | Duel noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Demon Attack | Score | 58044.2 | DDQN (tuned) noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Demon Attack | Score | 56322.8 | Duel hs |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Battle Zone | Score | 37150 | Duel noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Battle Zone | Score | 35520 | Prior+Duel noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Battle Zone | Score | 31700 | DDQN (tuned) noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Battle Zone | Score | 31320 | Duel hs |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Phoenix | Score | 63597 | Prior+Duel hs |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Beam Rider | Score | 30276.5 | Prior+Duel noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Beam Rider | Score | 14591.3 | Duel hs |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Beam Rider | Score | 13772.8 | DDQN (tuned) noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Beam Rider | Score | 12164 | Duel noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Asterix | Score | 375080 | Prior+Duel noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Asterix | Score | 364200 | Prior+Duel hs |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Asterix | Score | 364200 | Prior+Duel hs |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Asterix | Score | 28188 | Duel noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Asterix | Score | 17356.5 | DDQN (tuned) noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Asterix | Score | 15840 | Duel hs |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Kung-Fu Master | Score | 48375 | Prior+Duel noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Kung-Fu Master | Score | 34294 | Duel noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Kung-Fu Master | Score | 29710 | DDQN (tuned) noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Kung-Fu Master | Score | 24288 | Duel hs |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Bowling | Score | 68.1 | DDQN (tuned) noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Bowling | Score | 65.7 | Duel hs |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Bowling | Score | 65.5 | Duel noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Bowling | Score | 46.7 | Prior+Duel noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Kangaroo | Score | 14854 | Duel noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Kangaroo | Score | 12992 | DDQN (tuned) noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Kangaroo | Score | 10334 | Duel hs |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Kangaroo | Score | 1792 | Prior+Duel noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Assault | Score | 11477 | Prior+Duel noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Assault | Score | 10950.6 | Prior+Duel hs |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Assault | Score | 10950.6 | Prior+Duel hs |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Assault | Score | 5393.2 | DDQN (tuned) noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Assault | Score | 4621 | Duel noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Assault | Score | 3994.8 | Duel hs |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Alien | Score | 4461.4 | Duel noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Alien | Score | 3941 | Prior+Duel noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Alien | Score | 3747.7 | DDQN (tuned) noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Alien | Score | 1486.5 | Duel hs |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Alien | Score | 823.7 | Prior+Duel hs |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Alien | Score | 823.7 | Prior+Duel hs |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Fishing Derby | Score | 46.4 | Duel noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Fishing Derby | Score | 41.3 | Prior+Duel noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Fishing Derby | Score | 15.5 | DDQN (tuned) noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Fishing Derby | Score | -4.1 | Duel hs |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Seaquest | Score | 50254.2 | Duel noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Seaquest | Score | 37361.6 | Duel hs |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Seaquest | Score | 16452.7 | DDQN (tuned) noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Seaquest | Score | 931.6 | Prior+Duel noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Chopper Command | Score | 13185 | Prior+Duel noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Chopper Command | Score | 11215 | Duel noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Chopper Command | Score | 5809 | DDQN (tuned) noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Chopper Command | Score | 3784 | Duel hs |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Video Pinball | Score | 479197 | Prior+Duel noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Video Pinball | Score | 309941.9 | DDQN (tuned) noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Video Pinball | Score | 110976.2 | Duel hs |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Video Pinball | Score | 98209.5 | Duel noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Wizard of Wor | Score | 12352 | Prior+Duel noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Wizard of Wor | Score | 7855 | Duel noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Wizard of Wor | Score | 7492 | DDQN (tuned) noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Wizard of Wor | Score | 7054 | Duel hs |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Zaxxon | Score | 13886 | Prior+Duel noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Zaxxon | Score | 12944 | Duel noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Zaxxon | Score | 10164 | Duel hs |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Zaxxon | Score | 10163 | DDQN (tuned) noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Defender | Score | 42214 | Duel noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Defender | Score | 41324.5 | Prior+Duel noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Defender | Score | 34415 | Prior+Duel hs |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Robotank | Score | 65.3 | Duel noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Robotank | Score | 65.1 | DDQN (tuned) noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Robotank | Score | 62 | Duel hs |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Robotank | Score | 27.5 | Prior+Duel noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Name This Game | Score | 15572.5 | Prior+Duel noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Name This Game | Score | 11971.1 | Duel noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Name This Game | Score | 11185.1 | Duel hs |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Name This Game | Score | 10616 | DDQN (tuned) noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Star Gunner | Score | 125117 | Prior+Duel noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Star Gunner | Score | 90804 | Duel hs |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Star Gunner | Score | 89238 | Duel noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Star Gunner | Score | 60142 | DDQN (tuned) noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Ice Hockey | Score | 0.5 | Duel noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Ice Hockey | Score | -1.3 | Duel hs |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Ice Hockey | Score | -2.7 | DDQN (tuned) noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Ice Hockey | Score | -0.4 | Prior+Duel noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Berzerk | Score | 3409 | Prior+Duel noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Berzerk | Score | 1472.6 | Duel noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Berzerk | Score | 1225.4 | DDQN (tuned) noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Berzerk | Score | 910.6 | Duel hs |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Atlantis | Score | 445360 | Duel hs |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Atlantis | Score | 395762 | Prior+Duel noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Atlantis | Score | 382572 | Duel noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Atlantis | Score | 106056 | DDQN (tuned) noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 HERO | Score | 21036.5 | Prior+Duel noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 HERO | Score | 20818.2 | Duel noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 HERO | Score | 20130.2 | DDQN (tuned) noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 HERO | Score | 15207.9 | Duel hs |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Bank Heist | Score | 1611.9 | Duel noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Bank Heist | Score | 1503.1 | Prior+Duel noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Bank Heist | Score | 1129.3 | Duel hs |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Bank Heist | Score | 1030.6 | DDQN (tuned) noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Venture | Score | 497 | Duel noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Venture | Score | 200 | Duel hs |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Venture | Score | 98 | DDQN (tuned) noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Venture | Score | 48 | Prior+Duel noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Private Eye | Score | 292.6 | Duel hs |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Private Eye | Score | 206 | Prior+Duel noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Private Eye | Score | 129.7 | DDQN (tuned) noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Private Eye | Score | 103 | Duel noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Q*Bert | Score | 19220.3 | Duel noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Q*Bert | Score | 18760.3 | Prior+Duel noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Q*Bert | Score | 15088.5 | DDQN (tuned) noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Q*Bert | Score | 14175.8 | Duel hs |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 River Raid | Score | 21162.6 | Duel noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 River Raid | Score | 20607.6 | Prior+Duel noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 River Raid | Score | 16569.4 | Duel hs |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 River Raid | Score | 14884.5 | DDQN (tuned) noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Road Runner | Score | 69524 | Duel noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Road Runner | Score | 62151 | Prior+Duel noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Road Runner | Score | 58549 | Duel hs |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Road Runner | Score | 44127 | DDQN (tuned) noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Up and Down | Score | 44939.6 | Duel noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Up and Down | Score | 33879.1 | Prior+Duel noop |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Up and Down | Score | 24759.2 | Duel hs |
| Video Games | Atari 2600 Up and Down | Score | 22972.2 | DDQN (tuned) noop |