Roberto Valle, José Miguel Buenaposada, Luis Baumela
We present a deep learning-based multi-task approach for head pose estimation in images. We contribute with a network architecture and training strategy that harness the strong dependencies among face pose, alignment and visibility, to produce a top performing model for all three tasks. Our architecture is an encoder-decoder CNN with residual blocks and lateral skip connections. We show that the combination of head pose estimation and landmark-based face alignment significantly improve the performance of the former task. Further, the location of the pose task at the bottleneck layer, at the end of the encoder, and that of tasks depending on spatial information, such as visibility and alignment, in the final decoder layer, also contribute to increase the final performance. In the experiments conducted the proposed model outperforms the state-of-the-art in the face pose and visibility tasks. By including a final landmark regression step it also produces face alignment results on par with the state-of-the-art.
| Task | Dataset | Metric | Value | Model |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Facial Recognition and Modelling | COFW | Recall at 80% precision (Landmarks Visibility) | 72.12 | MNN+OR (Inter-pupils Norm) |
| Facial Recognition and Modelling | AFLW2000 | Error rate | 2.58 | MNN+ORB (Reannotated) |
| Pose Estimation | 300W (Full) | MAE mean (º) | 1.56 | MNN |
| Pose Estimation | AFLW2000 | MAE | 3.83 | MNN |
| Pose Estimation | BIWI | MAE (trained with other data) | 3.66 | MNN |
| Pose Estimation | AFLW | MAE | 3.22 | MNN |
| Face Reconstruction | COFW | Recall at 80% precision (Landmarks Visibility) | 72.12 | MNN+OR (Inter-pupils Norm) |
| Face Reconstruction | AFLW2000 | Error rate | 2.58 | MNN+ORB (Reannotated) |
| 3D | 300W (Full) | MAE mean (º) | 1.56 | MNN |
| 3D | AFLW2000 | MAE | 3.83 | MNN |
| 3D | BIWI | MAE (trained with other data) | 3.66 | MNN |
| 3D | AFLW | MAE | 3.22 | MNN |
| 3D | COFW | Recall at 80% precision (Landmarks Visibility) | 72.12 | MNN+OR (Inter-pupils Norm) |
| 3D | AFLW2000 | Error rate | 2.58 | MNN+ORB (Reannotated) |
| 3D Face Modelling | COFW | Recall at 80% precision (Landmarks Visibility) | 72.12 | MNN+OR (Inter-pupils Norm) |
| 3D Face Modelling | AFLW2000 | Error rate | 2.58 | MNN+ORB (Reannotated) |
| 3D Face Reconstruction | COFW | Recall at 80% precision (Landmarks Visibility) | 72.12 | MNN+OR (Inter-pupils Norm) |
| 3D Face Reconstruction | AFLW2000 | Error rate | 2.58 | MNN+ORB (Reannotated) |
| 1 Image, 2*2 Stitchi | 300W (Full) | MAE mean (º) | 1.56 | MNN |
| 1 Image, 2*2 Stitchi | AFLW2000 | MAE | 3.83 | MNN |
| 1 Image, 2*2 Stitchi | BIWI | MAE (trained with other data) | 3.66 | MNN |
| 1 Image, 2*2 Stitchi | AFLW | MAE | 3.22 | MNN |