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Papers/Concealed Object Detection

Concealed Object Detection

Deng-Ping Fan, Ge-Peng Ji, Ming-Ming Cheng, Ling Shao

2021-02-20Dichotomous Image SegmentationCamouflaged Object Segmentationobject-detectionObject Detection
PaperPDFCode(official)

Abstract

We present the first systematic study on concealed object detection (COD), which aims to identify objects that are "perfectly" embedded in their background. The high intrinsic similarities between the concealed objects and their background make COD far more challenging than traditional object detection/segmentation. To better understand this task, we collect a large-scale dataset, called COD10K, which consists of 10,000 images covering concealed objects in diverse real-world scenarios from 78 object categories. Further, we provide rich annotations including object categories, object boundaries, challenging attributes, object-level labels, and instance-level annotations. Our COD10K is the largest COD dataset to date, with the richest annotations, which enables comprehensive concealed object understanding and can even be used to help progress several other vision tasks, such as detection, segmentation, classification, etc. Motivated by how animals hunt in the wild, we also design a simple but strong baseline for COD, termed the Search Identification Network (SINet). Without any bells and whistles, SINet outperforms 12 cutting-edge baselines on all datasets tested, making them robust, general architectures that could serve as catalysts for future research in COD. Finally, we provide some interesting findings and highlight several potential applications and future directions. To spark research in this new field, our code, dataset, and online demo are available on our project page: http://mmcheng.net/cod.

Results

TaskDatasetMetricValueModel
Object DetectionDIS-TE4E-measure0.824SINetV2
Object DetectionDIS-TE4HCE3683SINetV2
Object DetectionDIS-TE4MAE0.113SINetV2
Object DetectionDIS-TE4S-Measure0.744SINetV2
Object DetectionDIS-TE4max F-Measure0.699SINetV2
Object DetectionDIS-TE4weighted F-measure0.616SINetV2
Object DetectionDIS-VDE-measure0.798SINetV2
Object DetectionDIS-VDHCE1568SINetV2
Object DetectionDIS-VDMAE0.11SINetV2
Object DetectionDIS-VDS-Measure0.727SINetV2
Object DetectionDIS-VDmax F-Measure0.665SINetV2
Object DetectionDIS-VDweighted F-measure0.584SINetV2
Object DetectionDIS-TE2E-measure0.823SINetV2
Object DetectionDIS-TE2HCE593SINetV2
Object DetectionDIS-TE2MAE0.099SINetV2
Object DetectionDIS-TE2S-Measure0.753SINetV2
Object DetectionDIS-TE2max F-Measure0.7SINetV2
Object DetectionDIS-TE2weighted F-measure0.618SINetV2
Object DetectionDIS-TE1E-measure0.791SINetV2
Object DetectionDIS-TE1HCE274SINetV2
Object DetectionDIS-TE1MAE0.094SINetV2
Object DetectionDIS-TE1S-Measure0.727SINetV2
Object DetectionDIS-TE1max F-Measure0.644SINetV2
Object DetectionDIS-TE1weighted F-measure0.558SINetV2
Object DetectionDIS-TE3E-measure0.849SINetV2
Object DetectionDIS-TE3HCE1096SINetV2
Object DetectionDIS-TE3MAE0.096SINetV2
Object DetectionDIS-TE3S-Measure0.766SINetV2
Object DetectionDIS-TE3max F-Measure0.73SINetV2
Object DetectionDIS-TE3weighted F-measure0.641SINetV2
Object DetectionCHAMELEONMAE0.03SINetV2-Res2Net-50
Object DetectionCHAMELEONS-measure0.888SINetV2-Res2Net-50
Object DetectionCHAMELEONweighted F-measure0.816SINetV2-Res2Net-50
Object DetectionCODMAE0.051SINet*
Object DetectionCODS-Measure0.771SINet*
Object DetectionCODWeighted F-Measure0.551SINet*
Object DetectionPCOD_1200S-Measure0.882SINet-V2
Object DetectionCAMOMAE0.07SINet-V2
Object DetectionCAMOS-Measure0.82SINet-V2
Object DetectionCAMOWeighted F-Measure0.743SINet-V2
Object DetectionNC4KMAE0.048SINetV2-Res2Net-50
Object DetectionNC4KS-measure0.847SINetV2-Res2Net-50
Object DetectionNC4Kweighted F-measure0.77SINetV2-Res2Net-50
3DDIS-TE4E-measure0.824SINetV2
3DDIS-TE4HCE3683SINetV2
3DDIS-TE4MAE0.113SINetV2
3DDIS-TE4S-Measure0.744SINetV2
3DDIS-TE4max F-Measure0.699SINetV2
3DDIS-TE4weighted F-measure0.616SINetV2
3DDIS-VDE-measure0.798SINetV2
3DDIS-VDHCE1568SINetV2
3DDIS-VDMAE0.11SINetV2
3DDIS-VDS-Measure0.727SINetV2
3DDIS-VDmax F-Measure0.665SINetV2
3DDIS-VDweighted F-measure0.584SINetV2
3DDIS-TE2E-measure0.823SINetV2
3DDIS-TE2HCE593SINetV2
3DDIS-TE2MAE0.099SINetV2
3DDIS-TE2S-Measure0.753SINetV2
3DDIS-TE2max F-Measure0.7SINetV2
3DDIS-TE2weighted F-measure0.618SINetV2
3DDIS-TE1E-measure0.791SINetV2
3DDIS-TE1HCE274SINetV2
3DDIS-TE1MAE0.094SINetV2
3DDIS-TE1S-Measure0.727SINetV2
3DDIS-TE1max F-Measure0.644SINetV2
3DDIS-TE1weighted F-measure0.558SINetV2
3DDIS-TE3E-measure0.849SINetV2
3DDIS-TE3HCE1096SINetV2
3DDIS-TE3MAE0.096SINetV2
3DDIS-TE3S-Measure0.766SINetV2
3DDIS-TE3max F-Measure0.73SINetV2
3DDIS-TE3weighted F-measure0.641SINetV2
3DCHAMELEONMAE0.03SINetV2-Res2Net-50
3DCHAMELEONS-measure0.888SINetV2-Res2Net-50
3DCHAMELEONweighted F-measure0.816SINetV2-Res2Net-50
3DCODMAE0.051SINet*
3DCODS-Measure0.771SINet*
3DCODWeighted F-Measure0.551SINet*
3DPCOD_1200S-Measure0.882SINet-V2
3DCAMOMAE0.07SINet-V2
3DCAMOS-Measure0.82SINet-V2
3DCAMOWeighted F-Measure0.743SINet-V2
3DNC4KMAE0.048SINetV2-Res2Net-50
3DNC4KS-measure0.847SINetV2-Res2Net-50
3DNC4Kweighted F-measure0.77SINetV2-Res2Net-50
RGB Salient Object DetectionDIS-TE4E-measure0.824SINetV2
RGB Salient Object DetectionDIS-TE4HCE3683SINetV2
RGB Salient Object DetectionDIS-TE4MAE0.113SINetV2
RGB Salient Object DetectionDIS-TE4S-Measure0.744SINetV2
RGB Salient Object DetectionDIS-TE4max F-Measure0.699SINetV2
RGB Salient Object DetectionDIS-TE4weighted F-measure0.616SINetV2
RGB Salient Object DetectionDIS-VDE-measure0.798SINetV2
RGB Salient Object DetectionDIS-VDHCE1568SINetV2
RGB Salient Object DetectionDIS-VDMAE0.11SINetV2
RGB Salient Object DetectionDIS-VDS-Measure0.727SINetV2
RGB Salient Object DetectionDIS-VDmax F-Measure0.665SINetV2
RGB Salient Object DetectionDIS-VDweighted F-measure0.584SINetV2
RGB Salient Object DetectionDIS-TE2E-measure0.823SINetV2
RGB Salient Object DetectionDIS-TE2HCE593SINetV2
RGB Salient Object DetectionDIS-TE2MAE0.099SINetV2
RGB Salient Object DetectionDIS-TE2S-Measure0.753SINetV2
RGB Salient Object DetectionDIS-TE2max F-Measure0.7SINetV2
RGB Salient Object DetectionDIS-TE2weighted F-measure0.618SINetV2
RGB Salient Object DetectionDIS-TE1E-measure0.791SINetV2
RGB Salient Object DetectionDIS-TE1HCE274SINetV2
RGB Salient Object DetectionDIS-TE1MAE0.094SINetV2
RGB Salient Object DetectionDIS-TE1S-Measure0.727SINetV2
RGB Salient Object DetectionDIS-TE1max F-Measure0.644SINetV2
RGB Salient Object DetectionDIS-TE1weighted F-measure0.558SINetV2
RGB Salient Object DetectionDIS-TE3E-measure0.849SINetV2
RGB Salient Object DetectionDIS-TE3HCE1096SINetV2
RGB Salient Object DetectionDIS-TE3MAE0.096SINetV2
RGB Salient Object DetectionDIS-TE3S-Measure0.766SINetV2
RGB Salient Object DetectionDIS-TE3max F-Measure0.73SINetV2
RGB Salient Object DetectionDIS-TE3weighted F-measure0.641SINetV2
Camouflaged Object SegmentationCHAMELEONMAE0.03SINetV2-Res2Net-50
Camouflaged Object SegmentationCHAMELEONS-measure0.888SINetV2-Res2Net-50
Camouflaged Object SegmentationCHAMELEONweighted F-measure0.816SINetV2-Res2Net-50
Camouflaged Object SegmentationCODMAE0.051SINet*
Camouflaged Object SegmentationCODS-Measure0.771SINet*
Camouflaged Object SegmentationCODWeighted F-Measure0.551SINet*
Camouflaged Object SegmentationPCOD_1200S-Measure0.882SINet-V2
Camouflaged Object SegmentationCAMOMAE0.07SINet-V2
Camouflaged Object SegmentationCAMOS-Measure0.82SINet-V2
Camouflaged Object SegmentationCAMOWeighted F-Measure0.743SINet-V2
Camouflaged Object SegmentationNC4KMAE0.048SINetV2-Res2Net-50
Camouflaged Object SegmentationNC4KS-measure0.847SINetV2-Res2Net-50
Camouflaged Object SegmentationNC4Kweighted F-measure0.77SINetV2-Res2Net-50
Object SegmentationCHAMELEONMAE0.03SINetV2-Res2Net-50
Object SegmentationCHAMELEONS-measure0.888SINetV2-Res2Net-50
Object SegmentationCHAMELEONweighted F-measure0.816SINetV2-Res2Net-50
Object SegmentationCODMAE0.051SINet*
Object SegmentationCODS-Measure0.771SINet*
Object SegmentationCODWeighted F-Measure0.551SINet*
Object SegmentationPCOD_1200S-Measure0.882SINet-V2
Object SegmentationCAMOMAE0.07SINet-V2
Object SegmentationCAMOS-Measure0.82SINet-V2
Object SegmentationCAMOWeighted F-Measure0.743SINet-V2
Object SegmentationNC4KMAE0.048SINetV2-Res2Net-50
Object SegmentationNC4KS-measure0.847SINetV2-Res2Net-50
Object SegmentationNC4Kweighted F-measure0.77SINetV2-Res2Net-50
2D ClassificationDIS-TE4E-measure0.824SINetV2
2D ClassificationDIS-TE4HCE3683SINetV2
2D ClassificationDIS-TE4MAE0.113SINetV2
2D ClassificationDIS-TE4S-Measure0.744SINetV2
2D ClassificationDIS-TE4max F-Measure0.699SINetV2
2D ClassificationDIS-TE4weighted F-measure0.616SINetV2
2D ClassificationDIS-VDE-measure0.798SINetV2
2D ClassificationDIS-VDHCE1568SINetV2
2D ClassificationDIS-VDMAE0.11SINetV2
2D ClassificationDIS-VDS-Measure0.727SINetV2
2D ClassificationDIS-VDmax F-Measure0.665SINetV2
2D ClassificationDIS-VDweighted F-measure0.584SINetV2
2D ClassificationDIS-TE2E-measure0.823SINetV2
2D ClassificationDIS-TE2HCE593SINetV2
2D ClassificationDIS-TE2MAE0.099SINetV2
2D ClassificationDIS-TE2S-Measure0.753SINetV2
2D ClassificationDIS-TE2max F-Measure0.7SINetV2
2D ClassificationDIS-TE2weighted F-measure0.618SINetV2
2D ClassificationDIS-TE1E-measure0.791SINetV2
2D ClassificationDIS-TE1HCE274SINetV2
2D ClassificationDIS-TE1MAE0.094SINetV2
2D ClassificationDIS-TE1S-Measure0.727SINetV2
2D ClassificationDIS-TE1max F-Measure0.644SINetV2
2D ClassificationDIS-TE1weighted F-measure0.558SINetV2
2D ClassificationDIS-TE3E-measure0.849SINetV2
2D ClassificationDIS-TE3HCE1096SINetV2
2D ClassificationDIS-TE3MAE0.096SINetV2
2D ClassificationDIS-TE3S-Measure0.766SINetV2
2D ClassificationDIS-TE3max F-Measure0.73SINetV2
2D ClassificationDIS-TE3weighted F-measure0.641SINetV2
2D ClassificationCHAMELEONMAE0.03SINetV2-Res2Net-50
2D ClassificationCHAMELEONS-measure0.888SINetV2-Res2Net-50
2D ClassificationCHAMELEONweighted F-measure0.816SINetV2-Res2Net-50
2D ClassificationCODMAE0.051SINet*
2D ClassificationCODS-Measure0.771SINet*
2D ClassificationCODWeighted F-Measure0.551SINet*
2D ClassificationPCOD_1200S-Measure0.882SINet-V2
2D ClassificationCAMOMAE0.07SINet-V2
2D ClassificationCAMOS-Measure0.82SINet-V2
2D ClassificationCAMOWeighted F-Measure0.743SINet-V2
2D ClassificationNC4KMAE0.048SINetV2-Res2Net-50
2D ClassificationNC4KS-measure0.847SINetV2-Res2Net-50
2D ClassificationNC4Kweighted F-measure0.77SINetV2-Res2Net-50
2D Object DetectionDIS-TE4E-measure0.824SINetV2
2D Object DetectionDIS-TE4HCE3683SINetV2
2D Object DetectionDIS-TE4MAE0.113SINetV2
2D Object DetectionDIS-TE4S-Measure0.744SINetV2
2D Object DetectionDIS-TE4max F-Measure0.699SINetV2
2D Object DetectionDIS-TE4weighted F-measure0.616SINetV2
2D Object DetectionDIS-VDE-measure0.798SINetV2
2D Object DetectionDIS-VDHCE1568SINetV2
2D Object DetectionDIS-VDMAE0.11SINetV2
2D Object DetectionDIS-VDS-Measure0.727SINetV2
2D Object DetectionDIS-VDmax F-Measure0.665SINetV2
2D Object DetectionDIS-VDweighted F-measure0.584SINetV2
2D Object DetectionDIS-TE2E-measure0.823SINetV2
2D Object DetectionDIS-TE2HCE593SINetV2
2D Object DetectionDIS-TE2MAE0.099SINetV2
2D Object DetectionDIS-TE2S-Measure0.753SINetV2
2D Object DetectionDIS-TE2max F-Measure0.7SINetV2
2D Object DetectionDIS-TE2weighted F-measure0.618SINetV2
2D Object DetectionDIS-TE1E-measure0.791SINetV2
2D Object DetectionDIS-TE1HCE274SINetV2
2D Object DetectionDIS-TE1MAE0.094SINetV2
2D Object DetectionDIS-TE1S-Measure0.727SINetV2
2D Object DetectionDIS-TE1max F-Measure0.644SINetV2
2D Object DetectionDIS-TE1weighted F-measure0.558SINetV2
2D Object DetectionDIS-TE3E-measure0.849SINetV2
2D Object DetectionDIS-TE3HCE1096SINetV2
2D Object DetectionDIS-TE3MAE0.096SINetV2
2D Object DetectionDIS-TE3S-Measure0.766SINetV2
2D Object DetectionDIS-TE3max F-Measure0.73SINetV2
2D Object DetectionDIS-TE3weighted F-measure0.641SINetV2
2D Object DetectionCHAMELEONMAE0.03SINetV2-Res2Net-50
2D Object DetectionCHAMELEONS-measure0.888SINetV2-Res2Net-50
2D Object DetectionCHAMELEONweighted F-measure0.816SINetV2-Res2Net-50
2D Object DetectionCODMAE0.051SINet*
2D Object DetectionCODS-Measure0.771SINet*
2D Object DetectionCODWeighted F-Measure0.551SINet*
2D Object DetectionPCOD_1200S-Measure0.882SINet-V2
2D Object DetectionCAMOMAE0.07SINet-V2
2D Object DetectionCAMOS-Measure0.82SINet-V2
2D Object DetectionCAMOWeighted F-Measure0.743SINet-V2
2D Object DetectionNC4KMAE0.048SINetV2-Res2Net-50
2D Object DetectionNC4KS-measure0.847SINetV2-Res2Net-50
2D Object DetectionNC4Kweighted F-measure0.77SINetV2-Res2Net-50
16kDIS-TE4E-measure0.824SINetV2
16kDIS-TE4HCE3683SINetV2
16kDIS-TE4MAE0.113SINetV2
16kDIS-TE4S-Measure0.744SINetV2
16kDIS-TE4max F-Measure0.699SINetV2
16kDIS-TE4weighted F-measure0.616SINetV2
16kDIS-VDE-measure0.798SINetV2
16kDIS-VDHCE1568SINetV2
16kDIS-VDMAE0.11SINetV2
16kDIS-VDS-Measure0.727SINetV2
16kDIS-VDmax F-Measure0.665SINetV2
16kDIS-VDweighted F-measure0.584SINetV2
16kDIS-TE2E-measure0.823SINetV2
16kDIS-TE2HCE593SINetV2
16kDIS-TE2MAE0.099SINetV2
16kDIS-TE2S-Measure0.753SINetV2
16kDIS-TE2max F-Measure0.7SINetV2
16kDIS-TE2weighted F-measure0.618SINetV2
16kDIS-TE1E-measure0.791SINetV2
16kDIS-TE1HCE274SINetV2
16kDIS-TE1MAE0.094SINetV2
16kDIS-TE1S-Measure0.727SINetV2
16kDIS-TE1max F-Measure0.644SINetV2
16kDIS-TE1weighted F-measure0.558SINetV2
16kDIS-TE3E-measure0.849SINetV2
16kDIS-TE3HCE1096SINetV2
16kDIS-TE3MAE0.096SINetV2
16kDIS-TE3S-Measure0.766SINetV2
16kDIS-TE3max F-Measure0.73SINetV2
16kDIS-TE3weighted F-measure0.641SINetV2
16kCHAMELEONMAE0.03SINetV2-Res2Net-50
16kCHAMELEONS-measure0.888SINetV2-Res2Net-50
16kCHAMELEONweighted F-measure0.816SINetV2-Res2Net-50
16kCODMAE0.051SINet*
16kCODS-Measure0.771SINet*
16kCODWeighted F-Measure0.551SINet*
16kPCOD_1200S-Measure0.882SINet-V2
16kCAMOMAE0.07SINet-V2
16kCAMOS-Measure0.82SINet-V2
16kCAMOWeighted F-Measure0.743SINet-V2
16kNC4KMAE0.048SINetV2-Res2Net-50
16kNC4KS-measure0.847SINetV2-Res2Net-50
16kNC4Kweighted F-measure0.77SINetV2-Res2Net-50

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