Triantafyllos Afouras, Joon Son Chung, Andrew Senior, Oriol Vinyals, Andrew Zisserman
The goal of this work is to recognise phrases and sentences being spoken by a talking face, with or without the audio. Unlike previous works that have focussed on recognising a limited number of words or phrases, we tackle lip reading as an open-world problem - unconstrained natural language sentences, and in the wild videos. Our key contributions are: (1) we compare two models for lip reading, one using a CTC loss, and the other using a sequence-to-sequence loss. Both models are built on top of the transformer self-attention architecture; (2) we investigate to what extent lip reading is complementary to audio speech recognition, especially when the audio signal is noisy; (3) we introduce and publicly release a new dataset for audio-visual speech recognition, LRS2-BBC, consisting of thousands of natural sentences from British television. The models that we train surpass the performance of all previous work on a lip reading benchmark dataset by a significant margin.
| Task | Dataset | Metric | Value | Model |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Speech Recognition | LRS2 | Test WER | 9.7 | TM-seq2seq |
| Speech Recognition | LRS2 | Test WER | 10.1 | TM-CTC |
| Audio-Visual Speech Recognition | LRS3-TED | Word Error Rate (WER) | 7.2 | TM-seq2seq |
| Audio-Visual Speech Recognition | LRS2 | Test WER | 8.2 | TM-CTC |
| Audio-Visual Speech Recognition | LRS2 | Test WER | 8.5 | TM-Seq2seq |
| Lipreading | LRS2 | Word Error Rate (WER) | 48.3 | TM-seq2seq + extLM |
| Lipreading | LRS2 | Word Error Rate (WER) | 54.7 | TM-CTC + extLM |
| Lipreading | LRS3-TED | Word Error Rate (WER) | 58.9 | TM-seq2seq |
| Natural Language Transduction | LRS2 | Word Error Rate (WER) | 48.3 | TM-seq2seq + extLM |
| Natural Language Transduction | LRS2 | Word Error Rate (WER) | 54.7 | TM-CTC + extLM |
| Natural Language Transduction | LRS3-TED | Word Error Rate (WER) | 58.9 | TM-seq2seq |
| Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) | LRS2 | Test WER | 9.7 | TM-seq2seq |
| Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) | LRS2 | Test WER | 10.1 | TM-CTC |