Vladan Stojnić, Yannis Kalantidis, Giorgos Tolias
Vision-Language Models (VLMs) have demonstrated impressive performance on zero-shot classification, i.e. classification when provided merely with a list of class names. In this paper, we tackle the case of zero-shot classification in the presence of unlabeled data. We leverage the graph structure of the unlabeled data and introduce ZLaP, a method based on label propagation (LP) that utilizes geodesic distances for classification. We tailor LP to graphs containing both text and image features and further propose an efficient method for performing inductive inference based on a dual solution and a sparsification step. We perform extensive experiments to evaluate the effectiveness of our method on 14 common datasets and show that ZLaP outperforms the latest related works. Code: https://github.com/vladan-stojnic/ZLaP
| Task | Dataset | Metric | Value | Model |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Zero-Shot Learning | SUN397 | Accuracy | 71.4 | ZLaP* |
| Zero-Shot Learning | SUN397 | Accuracy | 71 | ZLaP |
| Zero-Shot Learning | CIFAR-10 | Accuracy | 93.6 | ZLaP* |
| Zero-Shot Learning | CIFAR-10 | Accuracy | 93.4 | ZLaP |
| Zero-Shot Learning | CUB-200-2011 | Accuracy | 64.3 | ZLaP |
| Zero-Shot Learning | CUB-200-2011 | Accuracy | 64.2 | ZLaP* |
| Zero-Shot Learning | Food-101 | Accuracy | 87.9 | ZLaP* |
| Zero-Shot Learning | Food-101 | Accuracy | 87.8 | ZLaP |
| Zero-Shot Learning | Flowers-102 | Accuracy | 75.9 | ZLaP |
| Zero-Shot Learning | Flowers-102 | Accuracy | 75.5 | ZLaP* |
| Zero-Shot Learning | UCF101 | Accuracy | 76.3 | ZLaP |
| Zero-Shot Learning | UCF101 | Accuracy | 76.3 | ZLaP* |
| Zero-Shot Learning | Oxford-IIIT Pets | Accuracy | 90 | ZLaP |
| Zero-Shot Learning | Oxford-IIIT Pets | Accuracy | 89 | ZLaP* |
| Zero-Shot Learning | Stanford Cars | Accuracy | 71.8 | ZLaP* |
| Zero-Shot Learning | Stanford Cars | Accuracy | 71.2 | ZLaP |
| Zero-Shot Learning | FGVC-Aircraft | Accuracy | 29.1 | ZLaP |
| Zero-Shot Learning | FGVC-Aircraft | Accuracy | 29 | ZLaP* |
| Zero-Shot Learning | EuroSAT | Accuracy | 63.2 | ZLaP* |
| Zero-Shot Learning | DTD | Accuracy | 51.2 | ZLaP |
| Zero-Shot Learning | DTD | Accuracy | 51 | ZLaP* |
| Zero-Shot Learning | CIFAR-100 | Accuracy | 74.2 | ZLaP* |
| Zero-Shot Learning | CIFAR-100 | Accuracy | 74 | ZLaP |
| Zero-Shot Learning | ImageNet | Top 1 Accuracy | 72.1 | ZLaP |
| Zero-Shot Learning | ImageNet | Top 1 Accuracy | 72.1 | ZLaP* |
| Zero-Shot Learning | Caltech-101 | Accuracy | 84 | ZLaP |
| Zero-Shot Learning | Caltech-101 | Accuracy | 83.1 | ZLaP* |
| Zero-Shot Learning | EuroSAT | Accuracy | 60.9 | ZLaP |
| Zero-Shot Learning | CUB-200-2011 | Accuracy | 64.1 | ZLaP |
| Zero-Shot Learning | Flowers-102 | Accuracy | 73.4 | ZLaP |
| Zero-Shot Learning | SUN397 | Accuracy | 71.9 | ZLaP |
| Zero-Shot Learning | ImageNet | Top 1 Accuracy | 72.7 | ZLaP |
| Zero-Shot Learning | CIFAR-10 | Accuracy | 93.6 | ZLaP |
| Zero-Shot Learning | Caltech-101 | Accuracy | 83.7 | ZLaP |
| Zero-Shot Learning | DTD | Accuracy | 51.8 | ZLaP |
| Zero-Shot Learning | Oxford-IIIT Pets | Accuracy | 92.8 | ZLaP |
| Zero-Shot Learning | Stanford Cars | Accuracy | 72.1 | ZLaP |
| Zero-Shot Learning | CIFAR-100 | Accuarcy | 73.3 | ZLaP |
| Zero-Shot Learning | FGVC-Aircraft | Accuracy | 28.4 | ZLaP |
| Zero-Shot Learning | Food-101 | Accuracy | 87.9 | ZLaP |
| Zero-Shot Learning | UCF101 | Accuracy | 77.7 | ZLaP |