Jakub Paplham, Vojtech Franc
Comparing different age estimation methods poses a challenge due to the unreliability of published results stemming from inconsistencies in the benchmarking process. Previous studies have reported continuous performance improvements over the past decade using specialized methods; however, our findings challenge these claims. This paper identifies two trivial, yet persistent issues with the currently used evaluation protocol and describes how to resolve them. We offer an extensive comparative analysis for state-of-the-art facial age estimation methods. Surprisingly, we find that the performance differences between the methods are negligible compared to the effect of other factors, such as facial alignment, facial coverage, image resolution, model architecture, or the amount of data used for pretraining. We use the gained insights to propose using FaRL as the backbone model and demonstrate its effectiveness on all public datasets. We make the source code and exact data splits public on GitHub.
| Task | Dataset | Metric | Value | Model |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Facial Recognition and Modelling | AgeDB | MAE | 5.64 | FaRL+MLP |
| Facial Recognition and Modelling | AgeDB | MAE | 5.78 | ResNet-50-OR-CNN |
| Facial Recognition and Modelling | AgeDB | MAE | 5.8 | ResNet-50-DLDL |
| Facial Recognition and Modelling | AgeDB | MAE | 5.8 | ResNet-50-DLDL-v2 |
| Facial Recognition and Modelling | AgeDB | MAE | 5.81 | ResNet-50-Cross-Entropy |
| Facial Recognition and Modelling | AgeDB | MAE | 5.81 | ResNet-50-SORD |
| Facial Recognition and Modelling | AgeDB | MAE | 5.85 | ResNet-50-Mean-Variance |
| Facial Recognition and Modelling | AgeDB | MAE | 5.9 | ResNet-50-Unimodal-Concentrated |
| Facial Recognition and Modelling | AgeDB | MAE | 6.23 | ResNet-50-Regression |
| Facial Recognition and Modelling | AFAD | MAE | 3.2 | ResNet-50-Unimodal-Concentrated |
| Facial Recognition and Modelling | AFAD | MAE | 3.17 | ResNet-50-Regression |
| Facial Recognition and Modelling | AFAD | MAE | 3.16 | ResNet-50-OR-CNN |
| Facial Recognition and Modelling | AFAD | MAE | 3.16 | ResNet-50-Mean-Variance |
| Facial Recognition and Modelling | AFAD | MAE | 3.15 | ResNet-50-DLDL-v2 |
| Facial Recognition and Modelling | AFAD | MAE | 3.14 | ResNet-50-Cross-Entropy |
| Facial Recognition and Modelling | AFAD | MAE | 3.14 | ResNet-50-DLDL |
| Facial Recognition and Modelling | AFAD | MAE | 3.14 | ResNet-50-SORD |
| Facial Recognition and Modelling | AFAD | MAE | 3.12 | FaRL+MLP |
| Facial Recognition and Modelling | ChaLearn 2016 | MAE | 3.38 | FaRL+MLP |
| Facial Recognition and Modelling | UTKFace | MAE | 3.87 | FaRL+MLP |
| Facial Recognition and Modelling | UTKFace | MAE | 4.36 | ResNet-50-SORD |
| Facial Recognition and Modelling | UTKFace | MAE | 4.38 | ResNet-50-Cross-Entropy |
| Facial Recognition and Modelling | UTKFace | MAE | 4.39 | ResNet-50-DLDL |
| Facial Recognition and Modelling | UTKFace | MAE | 4.4 | ResNet-50-OR-CNN |
| Facial Recognition and Modelling | UTKFace | MAE | 4.42 | ResNet-50-DLDL-v2 |
| Facial Recognition and Modelling | UTKFace | MAE | 4.42 | ResNet-50-Mean-Variance |
| Facial Recognition and Modelling | UTKFace | MAE | 4.47 | ResNet-50-Unimodal-Concentrated |
| Facial Recognition and Modelling | UTKFace | MAE | 4.72 | ResNet-50-Regression |
| Facial Recognition and Modelling | CACD | MAE | 3.96 | ResNet-50-Cross-Entropy |
| Facial Recognition and Modelling | CACD | MAE | 3.96 | ResNet-50-DLDL |
| Facial Recognition and Modelling | CACD | MAE | 3.96 | ResNet-50-DLDL-v2 |
| Facial Recognition and Modelling | CACD | MAE | 3.96 | ResNet-50-SORD |
| Facial Recognition and Modelling | CACD | MAE | 3.96 | FaRL+MLP |
| Facial Recognition and Modelling | CACD | MAE | 4.01 | ResNet-50-OR-CNN |
| Facial Recognition and Modelling | CACD | MAE | 4.06 | ResNet-50-Regression |
| Facial Recognition and Modelling | CACD | MAE | 4.07 | ResNet-50-Mean-Variance |
| Facial Recognition and Modelling | CACD | MAE | 4.1 | ResNet-50-Unimodal-Concentrated |
| Facial Recognition and Modelling | MORPH Album2 (SE) | MAE | 2.78 | ResNet-50-Unimodal-Concentrated |
| Facial Recognition and Modelling | MORPH Album2 (SE) | MAE | 2.81 | ResNet-50-Cross-Entropy |
| Facial Recognition and Modelling | MORPH Album2 (SE) | MAE | 2.81 | ResNet-50-DLDL |
| Facial Recognition and Modelling | MORPH Album2 (SE) | MAE | 2.81 | ResNet-50-SORD |
| Facial Recognition and Modelling | MORPH Album2 (SE) | MAE | 2.82 | ResNet-50-DLDL-v2 |
| Facial Recognition and Modelling | MORPH Album2 (SE) | MAE | 2.83 | ResNet-50-OR-CNN |
| Facial Recognition and Modelling | MORPH Album2 (SE) | MAE | 2.83 | ResNet-50-Mean-Variance |
| Facial Recognition and Modelling | MORPH Album2 (SE) | MAE | 2.83 | ResNet-50-Regression |
| Facial Recognition and Modelling | MORPH Album2 (SE) | MAE | 3.04 | FaRL+MLP |
| Face Reconstruction | AgeDB | MAE | 5.64 | FaRL+MLP |
| Face Reconstruction | AgeDB | MAE | 5.78 | ResNet-50-OR-CNN |
| Face Reconstruction | AgeDB | MAE | 5.8 | ResNet-50-DLDL |
| Face Reconstruction | AgeDB | MAE | 5.8 | ResNet-50-DLDL-v2 |
| Face Reconstruction | AgeDB | MAE | 5.81 | ResNet-50-Cross-Entropy |
| Face Reconstruction | AgeDB | MAE | 5.81 | ResNet-50-SORD |
| Face Reconstruction | AgeDB | MAE | 5.85 | ResNet-50-Mean-Variance |
| Face Reconstruction | AgeDB | MAE | 5.9 | ResNet-50-Unimodal-Concentrated |
| Face Reconstruction | AgeDB | MAE | 6.23 | ResNet-50-Regression |
| Face Reconstruction | AFAD | MAE | 3.2 | ResNet-50-Unimodal-Concentrated |
| Face Reconstruction | AFAD | MAE | 3.17 | ResNet-50-Regression |
| Face Reconstruction | AFAD | MAE | 3.16 | ResNet-50-OR-CNN |
| Face Reconstruction | AFAD | MAE | 3.16 | ResNet-50-Mean-Variance |
| Face Reconstruction | AFAD | MAE | 3.15 | ResNet-50-DLDL-v2 |
| Face Reconstruction | AFAD | MAE | 3.14 | ResNet-50-Cross-Entropy |
| Face Reconstruction | AFAD | MAE | 3.14 | ResNet-50-DLDL |
| Face Reconstruction | AFAD | MAE | 3.14 | ResNet-50-SORD |
| Face Reconstruction | AFAD | MAE | 3.12 | FaRL+MLP |
| Face Reconstruction | ChaLearn 2016 | MAE | 3.38 | FaRL+MLP |
| Face Reconstruction | UTKFace | MAE | 3.87 | FaRL+MLP |
| Face Reconstruction | UTKFace | MAE | 4.36 | ResNet-50-SORD |
| Face Reconstruction | UTKFace | MAE | 4.38 | ResNet-50-Cross-Entropy |
| Face Reconstruction | UTKFace | MAE | 4.39 | ResNet-50-DLDL |
| Face Reconstruction | UTKFace | MAE | 4.4 | ResNet-50-OR-CNN |
| Face Reconstruction | UTKFace | MAE | 4.42 | ResNet-50-DLDL-v2 |
| Face Reconstruction | UTKFace | MAE | 4.42 | ResNet-50-Mean-Variance |
| Face Reconstruction | UTKFace | MAE | 4.47 | ResNet-50-Unimodal-Concentrated |
| Face Reconstruction | UTKFace | MAE | 4.72 | ResNet-50-Regression |
| Face Reconstruction | CACD | MAE | 3.96 | ResNet-50-Cross-Entropy |
| Face Reconstruction | CACD | MAE | 3.96 | ResNet-50-DLDL |
| Face Reconstruction | CACD | MAE | 3.96 | ResNet-50-DLDL-v2 |
| Face Reconstruction | CACD | MAE | 3.96 | ResNet-50-SORD |
| Face Reconstruction | CACD | MAE | 3.96 | FaRL+MLP |
| Face Reconstruction | CACD | MAE | 4.01 | ResNet-50-OR-CNN |
| Face Reconstruction | CACD | MAE | 4.06 | ResNet-50-Regression |
| Face Reconstruction | CACD | MAE | 4.07 | ResNet-50-Mean-Variance |
| Face Reconstruction | CACD | MAE | 4.1 | ResNet-50-Unimodal-Concentrated |
| Face Reconstruction | MORPH Album2 (SE) | MAE | 2.78 | ResNet-50-Unimodal-Concentrated |
| Face Reconstruction | MORPH Album2 (SE) | MAE | 2.81 | ResNet-50-Cross-Entropy |
| Face Reconstruction | MORPH Album2 (SE) | MAE | 2.81 | ResNet-50-DLDL |
| Face Reconstruction | MORPH Album2 (SE) | MAE | 2.81 | ResNet-50-SORD |
| Face Reconstruction | MORPH Album2 (SE) | MAE | 2.82 | ResNet-50-DLDL-v2 |
| Face Reconstruction | MORPH Album2 (SE) | MAE | 2.83 | ResNet-50-OR-CNN |
| Face Reconstruction | MORPH Album2 (SE) | MAE | 2.83 | ResNet-50-Mean-Variance |
| Face Reconstruction | MORPH Album2 (SE) | MAE | 2.83 | ResNet-50-Regression |
| Face Reconstruction | MORPH Album2 (SE) | MAE | 3.04 | FaRL+MLP |
| 3D | AgeDB | MAE | 5.64 | FaRL+MLP |
| 3D | AgeDB | MAE | 5.78 | ResNet-50-OR-CNN |
| 3D | AgeDB | MAE | 5.8 | ResNet-50-DLDL |
| 3D | AgeDB | MAE | 5.8 | ResNet-50-DLDL-v2 |
| 3D | AgeDB | MAE | 5.81 | ResNet-50-Cross-Entropy |
| 3D | AgeDB | MAE | 5.81 | ResNet-50-SORD |
| 3D | AgeDB | MAE | 5.85 | ResNet-50-Mean-Variance |
| 3D | AgeDB | MAE | 5.9 | ResNet-50-Unimodal-Concentrated |
| 3D | AgeDB | MAE | 6.23 | ResNet-50-Regression |
| 3D | AFAD | MAE | 3.2 | ResNet-50-Unimodal-Concentrated |
| 3D | AFAD | MAE | 3.17 | ResNet-50-Regression |
| 3D | AFAD | MAE | 3.16 | ResNet-50-OR-CNN |
| 3D | AFAD | MAE | 3.16 | ResNet-50-Mean-Variance |
| 3D | AFAD | MAE | 3.15 | ResNet-50-DLDL-v2 |
| 3D | AFAD | MAE | 3.14 | ResNet-50-Cross-Entropy |
| 3D | AFAD | MAE | 3.14 | ResNet-50-DLDL |
| 3D | AFAD | MAE | 3.14 | ResNet-50-SORD |
| 3D | AFAD | MAE | 3.12 | FaRL+MLP |
| 3D | ChaLearn 2016 | MAE | 3.38 | FaRL+MLP |
| 3D | UTKFace | MAE | 3.87 | FaRL+MLP |
| 3D | UTKFace | MAE | 4.36 | ResNet-50-SORD |
| 3D | UTKFace | MAE | 4.38 | ResNet-50-Cross-Entropy |
| 3D | UTKFace | MAE | 4.39 | ResNet-50-DLDL |
| 3D | UTKFace | MAE | 4.4 | ResNet-50-OR-CNN |
| 3D | UTKFace | MAE | 4.42 | ResNet-50-DLDL-v2 |
| 3D | UTKFace | MAE | 4.42 | ResNet-50-Mean-Variance |
| 3D | UTKFace | MAE | 4.47 | ResNet-50-Unimodal-Concentrated |
| 3D | UTKFace | MAE | 4.72 | ResNet-50-Regression |
| 3D | CACD | MAE | 3.96 | ResNet-50-Cross-Entropy |
| 3D | CACD | MAE | 3.96 | ResNet-50-DLDL |
| 3D | CACD | MAE | 3.96 | ResNet-50-DLDL-v2 |
| 3D | CACD | MAE | 3.96 | ResNet-50-SORD |
| 3D | CACD | MAE | 3.96 | FaRL+MLP |
| 3D | CACD | MAE | 4.01 | ResNet-50-OR-CNN |
| 3D | CACD | MAE | 4.06 | ResNet-50-Regression |
| 3D | CACD | MAE | 4.07 | ResNet-50-Mean-Variance |
| 3D | CACD | MAE | 4.1 | ResNet-50-Unimodal-Concentrated |
| 3D | MORPH Album2 (SE) | MAE | 2.78 | ResNet-50-Unimodal-Concentrated |
| 3D | MORPH Album2 (SE) | MAE | 2.81 | ResNet-50-Cross-Entropy |
| 3D | MORPH Album2 (SE) | MAE | 2.81 | ResNet-50-DLDL |
| 3D | MORPH Album2 (SE) | MAE | 2.81 | ResNet-50-SORD |
| 3D | MORPH Album2 (SE) | MAE | 2.82 | ResNet-50-DLDL-v2 |
| 3D | MORPH Album2 (SE) | MAE | 2.83 | ResNet-50-OR-CNN |
| 3D | MORPH Album2 (SE) | MAE | 2.83 | ResNet-50-Mean-Variance |
| 3D | MORPH Album2 (SE) | MAE | 2.83 | ResNet-50-Regression |
| 3D | MORPH Album2 (SE) | MAE | 3.04 | FaRL+MLP |
| 3D Face Modelling | AgeDB | MAE | 5.64 | FaRL+MLP |
| 3D Face Modelling | AgeDB | MAE | 5.78 | ResNet-50-OR-CNN |
| 3D Face Modelling | AgeDB | MAE | 5.8 | ResNet-50-DLDL |
| 3D Face Modelling | AgeDB | MAE | 5.8 | ResNet-50-DLDL-v2 |
| 3D Face Modelling | AgeDB | MAE | 5.81 | ResNet-50-Cross-Entropy |
| 3D Face Modelling | AgeDB | MAE | 5.81 | ResNet-50-SORD |
| 3D Face Modelling | AgeDB | MAE | 5.85 | ResNet-50-Mean-Variance |
| 3D Face Modelling | AgeDB | MAE | 5.9 | ResNet-50-Unimodal-Concentrated |
| 3D Face Modelling | AgeDB | MAE | 6.23 | ResNet-50-Regression |
| 3D Face Modelling | AFAD | MAE | 3.2 | ResNet-50-Unimodal-Concentrated |
| 3D Face Modelling | AFAD | MAE | 3.17 | ResNet-50-Regression |
| 3D Face Modelling | AFAD | MAE | 3.16 | ResNet-50-OR-CNN |
| 3D Face Modelling | AFAD | MAE | 3.16 | ResNet-50-Mean-Variance |
| 3D Face Modelling | AFAD | MAE | 3.15 | ResNet-50-DLDL-v2 |
| 3D Face Modelling | AFAD | MAE | 3.14 | ResNet-50-Cross-Entropy |
| 3D Face Modelling | AFAD | MAE | 3.14 | ResNet-50-DLDL |
| 3D Face Modelling | AFAD | MAE | 3.14 | ResNet-50-SORD |
| 3D Face Modelling | AFAD | MAE | 3.12 | FaRL+MLP |
| 3D Face Modelling | ChaLearn 2016 | MAE | 3.38 | FaRL+MLP |
| 3D Face Modelling | UTKFace | MAE | 3.87 | FaRL+MLP |
| 3D Face Modelling | UTKFace | MAE | 4.36 | ResNet-50-SORD |
| 3D Face Modelling | UTKFace | MAE | 4.38 | ResNet-50-Cross-Entropy |
| 3D Face Modelling | UTKFace | MAE | 4.39 | ResNet-50-DLDL |
| 3D Face Modelling | UTKFace | MAE | 4.4 | ResNet-50-OR-CNN |
| 3D Face Modelling | UTKFace | MAE | 4.42 | ResNet-50-DLDL-v2 |
| 3D Face Modelling | UTKFace | MAE | 4.42 | ResNet-50-Mean-Variance |
| 3D Face Modelling | UTKFace | MAE | 4.47 | ResNet-50-Unimodal-Concentrated |
| 3D Face Modelling | UTKFace | MAE | 4.72 | ResNet-50-Regression |
| 3D Face Modelling | CACD | MAE | 3.96 | ResNet-50-Cross-Entropy |
| 3D Face Modelling | CACD | MAE | 3.96 | ResNet-50-DLDL |
| 3D Face Modelling | CACD | MAE | 3.96 | ResNet-50-DLDL-v2 |
| 3D Face Modelling | CACD | MAE | 3.96 | ResNet-50-SORD |
| 3D Face Modelling | CACD | MAE | 3.96 | FaRL+MLP |
| 3D Face Modelling | CACD | MAE | 4.01 | ResNet-50-OR-CNN |
| 3D Face Modelling | CACD | MAE | 4.06 | ResNet-50-Regression |
| 3D Face Modelling | CACD | MAE | 4.07 | ResNet-50-Mean-Variance |
| 3D Face Modelling | CACD | MAE | 4.1 | ResNet-50-Unimodal-Concentrated |
| 3D Face Modelling | MORPH Album2 (SE) | MAE | 2.78 | ResNet-50-Unimodal-Concentrated |
| 3D Face Modelling | MORPH Album2 (SE) | MAE | 2.81 | ResNet-50-Cross-Entropy |
| 3D Face Modelling | MORPH Album2 (SE) | MAE | 2.81 | ResNet-50-DLDL |
| 3D Face Modelling | MORPH Album2 (SE) | MAE | 2.81 | ResNet-50-SORD |
| 3D Face Modelling | MORPH Album2 (SE) | MAE | 2.82 | ResNet-50-DLDL-v2 |
| 3D Face Modelling | MORPH Album2 (SE) | MAE | 2.83 | ResNet-50-OR-CNN |
| 3D Face Modelling | MORPH Album2 (SE) | MAE | 2.83 | ResNet-50-Mean-Variance |
| 3D Face Modelling | MORPH Album2 (SE) | MAE | 2.83 | ResNet-50-Regression |
| 3D Face Modelling | MORPH Album2 (SE) | MAE | 3.04 | FaRL+MLP |
| 3D Face Reconstruction | AgeDB | MAE | 5.64 | FaRL+MLP |
| 3D Face Reconstruction | AgeDB | MAE | 5.78 | ResNet-50-OR-CNN |
| 3D Face Reconstruction | AgeDB | MAE | 5.8 | ResNet-50-DLDL |
| 3D Face Reconstruction | AgeDB | MAE | 5.8 | ResNet-50-DLDL-v2 |
| 3D Face Reconstruction | AgeDB | MAE | 5.81 | ResNet-50-Cross-Entropy |
| 3D Face Reconstruction | AgeDB | MAE | 5.81 | ResNet-50-SORD |
| 3D Face Reconstruction | AgeDB | MAE | 5.85 | ResNet-50-Mean-Variance |
| 3D Face Reconstruction | AgeDB | MAE | 5.9 | ResNet-50-Unimodal-Concentrated |
| 3D Face Reconstruction | AgeDB | MAE | 6.23 | ResNet-50-Regression |
| 3D Face Reconstruction | AFAD | MAE | 3.2 | ResNet-50-Unimodal-Concentrated |
| 3D Face Reconstruction | AFAD | MAE | 3.17 | ResNet-50-Regression |
| 3D Face Reconstruction | AFAD | MAE | 3.16 | ResNet-50-OR-CNN |
| 3D Face Reconstruction | AFAD | MAE | 3.16 | ResNet-50-Mean-Variance |
| 3D Face Reconstruction | AFAD | MAE | 3.15 | ResNet-50-DLDL-v2 |
| 3D Face Reconstruction | AFAD | MAE | 3.14 | ResNet-50-Cross-Entropy |
| 3D Face Reconstruction | AFAD | MAE | 3.14 | ResNet-50-DLDL |
| 3D Face Reconstruction | AFAD | MAE | 3.14 | ResNet-50-SORD |
| 3D Face Reconstruction | AFAD | MAE | 3.12 | FaRL+MLP |
| 3D Face Reconstruction | ChaLearn 2016 | MAE | 3.38 | FaRL+MLP |
| 3D Face Reconstruction | UTKFace | MAE | 3.87 | FaRL+MLP |
| 3D Face Reconstruction | UTKFace | MAE | 4.36 | ResNet-50-SORD |
| 3D Face Reconstruction | UTKFace | MAE | 4.38 | ResNet-50-Cross-Entropy |
| 3D Face Reconstruction | UTKFace | MAE | 4.39 | ResNet-50-DLDL |
| 3D Face Reconstruction | UTKFace | MAE | 4.4 | ResNet-50-OR-CNN |
| 3D Face Reconstruction | UTKFace | MAE | 4.42 | ResNet-50-DLDL-v2 |
| 3D Face Reconstruction | UTKFace | MAE | 4.42 | ResNet-50-Mean-Variance |
| 3D Face Reconstruction | UTKFace | MAE | 4.47 | ResNet-50-Unimodal-Concentrated |
| 3D Face Reconstruction | UTKFace | MAE | 4.72 | ResNet-50-Regression |
| 3D Face Reconstruction | CACD | MAE | 3.96 | ResNet-50-Cross-Entropy |
| 3D Face Reconstruction | CACD | MAE | 3.96 | ResNet-50-DLDL |
| 3D Face Reconstruction | CACD | MAE | 3.96 | ResNet-50-DLDL-v2 |
| 3D Face Reconstruction | CACD | MAE | 3.96 | ResNet-50-SORD |
| 3D Face Reconstruction | CACD | MAE | 3.96 | FaRL+MLP |
| 3D Face Reconstruction | CACD | MAE | 4.01 | ResNet-50-OR-CNN |
| 3D Face Reconstruction | CACD | MAE | 4.06 | ResNet-50-Regression |
| 3D Face Reconstruction | CACD | MAE | 4.07 | ResNet-50-Mean-Variance |
| 3D Face Reconstruction | CACD | MAE | 4.1 | ResNet-50-Unimodal-Concentrated |
| 3D Face Reconstruction | MORPH Album2 (SE) | MAE | 2.78 | ResNet-50-Unimodal-Concentrated |
| 3D Face Reconstruction | MORPH Album2 (SE) | MAE | 2.81 | ResNet-50-Cross-Entropy |
| 3D Face Reconstruction | MORPH Album2 (SE) | MAE | 2.81 | ResNet-50-DLDL |
| 3D Face Reconstruction | MORPH Album2 (SE) | MAE | 2.81 | ResNet-50-SORD |
| 3D Face Reconstruction | MORPH Album2 (SE) | MAE | 2.82 | ResNet-50-DLDL-v2 |
| 3D Face Reconstruction | MORPH Album2 (SE) | MAE | 2.83 | ResNet-50-OR-CNN |
| 3D Face Reconstruction | MORPH Album2 (SE) | MAE | 2.83 | ResNet-50-Mean-Variance |
| 3D Face Reconstruction | MORPH Album2 (SE) | MAE | 2.83 | ResNet-50-Regression |
| 3D Face Reconstruction | MORPH Album2 (SE) | MAE | 3.04 | FaRL+MLP |
| Age Estimation | AgeDB | MAE | 5.64 | FaRL+MLP |
| Age Estimation | AgeDB | MAE | 5.78 | ResNet-50-OR-CNN |
| Age Estimation | AgeDB | MAE | 5.8 | ResNet-50-DLDL |
| Age Estimation | AgeDB | MAE | 5.8 | ResNet-50-DLDL-v2 |
| Age Estimation | AgeDB | MAE | 5.81 | ResNet-50-Cross-Entropy |
| Age Estimation | AgeDB | MAE | 5.81 | ResNet-50-SORD |
| Age Estimation | AgeDB | MAE | 5.85 | ResNet-50-Mean-Variance |
| Age Estimation | AgeDB | MAE | 5.9 | ResNet-50-Unimodal-Concentrated |
| Age Estimation | AgeDB | MAE | 6.23 | ResNet-50-Regression |
| Age Estimation | AFAD | MAE | 3.2 | ResNet-50-Unimodal-Concentrated |
| Age Estimation | AFAD | MAE | 3.17 | ResNet-50-Regression |
| Age Estimation | AFAD | MAE | 3.16 | ResNet-50-OR-CNN |
| Age Estimation | AFAD | MAE | 3.16 | ResNet-50-Mean-Variance |
| Age Estimation | AFAD | MAE | 3.15 | ResNet-50-DLDL-v2 |
| Age Estimation | AFAD | MAE | 3.14 | ResNet-50-Cross-Entropy |
| Age Estimation | AFAD | MAE | 3.14 | ResNet-50-DLDL |
| Age Estimation | AFAD | MAE | 3.14 | ResNet-50-SORD |
| Age Estimation | AFAD | MAE | 3.12 | FaRL+MLP |
| Age Estimation | ChaLearn 2016 | MAE | 3.38 | FaRL+MLP |
| Age Estimation | UTKFace | MAE | 3.87 | FaRL+MLP |
| Age Estimation | UTKFace | MAE | 4.36 | ResNet-50-SORD |
| Age Estimation | UTKFace | MAE | 4.38 | ResNet-50-Cross-Entropy |
| Age Estimation | UTKFace | MAE | 4.39 | ResNet-50-DLDL |
| Age Estimation | UTKFace | MAE | 4.4 | ResNet-50-OR-CNN |
| Age Estimation | UTKFace | MAE | 4.42 | ResNet-50-DLDL-v2 |
| Age Estimation | UTKFace | MAE | 4.42 | ResNet-50-Mean-Variance |
| Age Estimation | UTKFace | MAE | 4.47 | ResNet-50-Unimodal-Concentrated |
| Age Estimation | UTKFace | MAE | 4.72 | ResNet-50-Regression |
| Age Estimation | CACD | MAE | 3.96 | ResNet-50-Cross-Entropy |
| Age Estimation | CACD | MAE | 3.96 | ResNet-50-DLDL |
| Age Estimation | CACD | MAE | 3.96 | ResNet-50-DLDL-v2 |
| Age Estimation | CACD | MAE | 3.96 | ResNet-50-SORD |
| Age Estimation | CACD | MAE | 3.96 | FaRL+MLP |
| Age Estimation | CACD | MAE | 4.01 | ResNet-50-OR-CNN |
| Age Estimation | CACD | MAE | 4.06 | ResNet-50-Regression |
| Age Estimation | CACD | MAE | 4.07 | ResNet-50-Mean-Variance |
| Age Estimation | CACD | MAE | 4.1 | ResNet-50-Unimodal-Concentrated |
| Age Estimation | MORPH Album2 (SE) | MAE | 2.78 | ResNet-50-Unimodal-Concentrated |
| Age Estimation | MORPH Album2 (SE) | MAE | 2.81 | ResNet-50-Cross-Entropy |
| Age Estimation | MORPH Album2 (SE) | MAE | 2.81 | ResNet-50-DLDL |
| Age Estimation | MORPH Album2 (SE) | MAE | 2.81 | ResNet-50-SORD |
| Age Estimation | MORPH Album2 (SE) | MAE | 2.82 | ResNet-50-DLDL-v2 |
| Age Estimation | MORPH Album2 (SE) | MAE | 2.83 | ResNet-50-OR-CNN |
| Age Estimation | MORPH Album2 (SE) | MAE | 2.83 | ResNet-50-Mean-Variance |
| Age Estimation | MORPH Album2 (SE) | MAE | 2.83 | ResNet-50-Regression |
| Age Estimation | MORPH Album2 (SE) | MAE | 3.04 | FaRL+MLP |