JianFeng Wang, Zhengyuan Yang, Xiaowei Hu, Linjie Li, Kevin Lin, Zhe Gan, Zicheng Liu, Ce Liu, Lijuan Wang
In this paper, we design and train a Generative Image-to-text Transformer, GIT, to unify vision-language tasks such as image/video captioning and question answering. While generative models provide a consistent network architecture between pre-training and fine-tuning, existing work typically contains complex structures (uni/multi-modal encoder/decoder) and depends on external modules such as object detectors/taggers and optical character recognition (OCR). In GIT, we simplify the architecture as one image encoder and one text decoder under a single language modeling task. We also scale up the pre-training data and the model size to boost the model performance. Without bells and whistles, our GIT establishes new state of the arts on 12 challenging benchmarks with a large margin. For instance, our model surpasses the human performance for the first time on TextCaps (138.2 vs. 125.5 in CIDEr). Furthermore, we present a new scheme of generation-based image classification and scene text recognition, achieving decent performance on standard benchmarks. Codes are released at \url{https://github.com/microsoft/GenerativeImage2Text}.
| Task | Dataset | Metric | Value | Model |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Visual Question Answering (VQA) | MSVD-QA | Accuracy | 0.568 | GIT |
| Image Captioning | nocaps near-domain | B1 | 88.9 | GIT2, Single Model |
| Image Captioning | nocaps near-domain | B2 | 75.86 | GIT2, Single Model |
| Image Captioning | nocaps near-domain | B3 | 58.9 | GIT2, Single Model |
| Image Captioning | nocaps near-domain | B4 | 38.95 | GIT2, Single Model |
| Image Captioning | nocaps near-domain | CIDEr | 125.51 | GIT2, Single Model |
| Image Captioning | nocaps near-domain | METEOR | 32.95 | GIT2, Single Model |
| Image Captioning | nocaps near-domain | ROUGE-L | 63.66 | GIT2, Single Model |
| Image Captioning | nocaps near-domain | SPICE | 16.11 | GIT2, Single Model |
| Image Captioning | nocaps near-domain | B1 | 88.56 | GIT, Single Model |
| Image Captioning | nocaps near-domain | B2 | 75.48 | GIT, Single Model |
| Image Captioning | nocaps near-domain | B3 | 58.46 | GIT, Single Model |
| Image Captioning | nocaps near-domain | B4 | 38.44 | GIT, Single Model |
| Image Captioning | nocaps near-domain | CIDEr | 123.92 | GIT, Single Model |
| Image Captioning | nocaps near-domain | METEOR | 32.86 | GIT, Single Model |
| Image Captioning | nocaps near-domain | ROUGE-L | 63.5 | GIT, Single Model |
| Image Captioning | nocaps near-domain | SPICE | 15.96 | GIT, Single Model |
| Image Captioning | nocaps entire | B1 | 88.1 | GIT, Single Model |
| Image Captioning | nocaps entire | B2 | 74.81 | GIT, Single Model |
| Image Captioning | nocaps entire | B3 | 57.68 | GIT, Single Model |
| Image Captioning | nocaps entire | B4 | 37.35 | GIT, Single Model |
| Image Captioning | nocaps entire | CIDEr | 123.39 | GIT, Single Model |
| Image Captioning | nocaps entire | METEOR | 32.5 | GIT, Single Model |
| Image Captioning | nocaps entire | ROUGE-L | 63.12 | GIT, Single Model |
| Image Captioning | nocaps entire | SPICE | 15.94 | GIT, Single Model |
| Image Captioning | COCO Captions | BLEU-4 | 44.1 | GIT |
| Image Captioning | COCO Captions | CIDER | 151.1 | GIT |
| Image Captioning | COCO Captions | METEOR | 32.2 | GIT |
| Image Captioning | COCO Captions | SPICE | 26.3 | GIT |
| Image Captioning | nocaps out-of-domain | B1 | 86.28 | GIT2, Single Model |
| Image Captioning | nocaps out-of-domain | B2 | 71.15 | GIT2, Single Model |
| Image Captioning | nocaps out-of-domain | B3 | 52.36 | GIT2, Single Model |
| Image Captioning | nocaps out-of-domain | B4 | 30.15 | GIT2, Single Model |
| Image Captioning | nocaps out-of-domain | CIDEr | 122.27 | GIT2, Single Model |
| Image Captioning | nocaps out-of-domain | METEOR | 30.15 | GIT2, Single Model |
| Image Captioning | nocaps out-of-domain | ROUGE-L | 60.91 | GIT2, Single Model |
| Image Captioning | nocaps out-of-domain | SPICE | 15.62 | GIT2, Single Model |
| Image Captioning | nocaps out-of-domain | B1 | 85.99 | GIT, Single Model |
| Image Captioning | nocaps out-of-domain | B2 | 71.28 | GIT, Single Model |
| Image Captioning | nocaps out-of-domain | B3 | 52.66 | GIT, Single Model |
| Image Captioning | nocaps out-of-domain | B4 | 30.04 | GIT, Single Model |
| Image Captioning | nocaps out-of-domain | CIDEr | 122.04 | GIT, Single Model |
| Image Captioning | nocaps out-of-domain | METEOR | 30.45 | GIT, Single Model |
| Image Captioning | nocaps out-of-domain | ROUGE-L | 60.96 | GIT, Single Model |
| Image Captioning | nocaps out-of-domain | SPICE | 15.7 | GIT, Single Model |
| Image Captioning | nocaps-XD in-domain | B1 | 88.86 | GIT2 |
| Image Captioning | nocaps-XD in-domain | B2 | 75.86 | GIT2 |
| Image Captioning | nocaps-XD in-domain | B3 | 59.94 | GIT2 |
| Image Captioning | nocaps-XD in-domain | B4 | 41.1 | GIT2 |
| Image Captioning | nocaps-XD in-domain | CIDEr | 124.18 | GIT2 |
| Image Captioning | nocaps-XD in-domain | METEOR | 33.83 | GIT2 |
| Image Captioning | nocaps-XD in-domain | ROUGE-L | 63.82 | GIT2 |
| Image Captioning | nocaps-XD in-domain | SPICE | 16.36 | GIT2 |
| Image Captioning | nocaps-XD in-domain | B1 | 88.55 | GIT |
| Image Captioning | nocaps-XD in-domain | B2 | 76.1 | GIT |
| Image Captioning | nocaps-XD in-domain | B3 | 60.53 | GIT |
| Image Captioning | nocaps-XD in-domain | B4 | 41.65 | GIT |
| Image Captioning | nocaps-XD in-domain | CIDEr | 122.4 | GIT |
| Image Captioning | nocaps-XD in-domain | METEOR | 33.41 | GIT |
| Image Captioning | nocaps-XD in-domain | ROUGE-L | 64.02 | GIT |
| Image Captioning | nocaps-XD in-domain | SPICE | 16.18 | GIT |
| Image Captioning | nocaps in-domain | B1 | 88.86 | GIT2, Single Model |
| Image Captioning | nocaps in-domain | B2 | 75.86 | GIT2, Single Model |
| Image Captioning | nocaps in-domain | B3 | 59.94 | GIT2, Single Model |
| Image Captioning | nocaps in-domain | B4 | 41.1 | GIT2, Single Model |
| Image Captioning | nocaps in-domain | CIDEr | 124.18 | GIT2, Single Model |
| Image Captioning | nocaps in-domain | METEOR | 33.83 | GIT2, Single Model |
| Image Captioning | nocaps in-domain | ROUGE-L | 63.82 | GIT2, Single Model |
| Image Captioning | nocaps in-domain | SPICE | 16.36 | GIT2, Single Model |
| Image Captioning | nocaps in-domain | B1 | 88.55 | GIT, Single Model |
| Image Captioning | nocaps in-domain | B2 | 76.1 | GIT, Single Model |
| Image Captioning | nocaps in-domain | B3 | 60.53 | GIT, Single Model |
| Image Captioning | nocaps in-domain | B4 | 41.65 | GIT, Single Model |
| Image Captioning | nocaps in-domain | CIDEr | 122.4 | GIT, Single Model |
| Image Captioning | nocaps in-domain | METEOR | 33.41 | GIT, Single Model |
| Image Captioning | nocaps in-domain | ROUGE-L | 64.02 | GIT, Single Model |
| Image Captioning | nocaps in-domain | SPICE | 16.18 | GIT, Single Model |
| Image Captioning | nocaps-XD near-domain | B1 | 88.9 | GIT2 |
| Image Captioning | nocaps-XD near-domain | B2 | 75.86 | GIT2 |
| Image Captioning | nocaps-XD near-domain | B3 | 58.9 | GIT2 |
| Image Captioning | nocaps-XD near-domain | B4 | 38.95 | GIT2 |
| Image Captioning | nocaps-XD near-domain | CIDEr | 125.51 | GIT2 |
| Image Captioning | nocaps-XD near-domain | METEOR | 32.95 | GIT2 |
| Image Captioning | nocaps-XD near-domain | ROUGE-L | 63.66 | GIT2 |
| Image Captioning | nocaps-XD near-domain | SPICE | 16.11 | GIT2 |
| Image Captioning | nocaps-XD near-domain | B1 | 88.56 | GIT |
| Image Captioning | nocaps-XD near-domain | B2 | 75.48 | GIT |
| Image Captioning | nocaps-XD near-domain | B3 | 58.46 | GIT |
| Image Captioning | nocaps-XD near-domain | B4 | 38.44 | GIT |
| Image Captioning | nocaps-XD near-domain | CIDEr | 123.92 | GIT |
| Image Captioning | nocaps-XD near-domain | METEOR | 32.86 | GIT |
| Image Captioning | nocaps-XD near-domain | ROUGE-L | 63.5 | GIT |
| Image Captioning | nocaps-XD near-domain | SPICE | 15.96 | GIT |
| Image Captioning | nocaps-XD entire | B1 | 88.43 | GIT2 |
| Image Captioning | nocaps-XD entire | B2 | 75.02 | GIT2 |
| Image Captioning | nocaps-XD entire | B3 | 57.87 | GIT2 |
| Image Captioning | nocaps-XD entire | B4 | 37.65 | GIT2 |
| Image Captioning | nocaps-XD entire | CIDEr | 124.77 | GIT2 |
| Image Captioning | nocaps-XD entire | METEOR | 32.56 | GIT2 |
| Image Captioning | nocaps-XD entire | ROUGE-L | 63.19 | GIT2 |
| Image Captioning | nocaps-XD entire | SPICE | 16.06 | GIT2 |
| Image Captioning | nocaps-XD entire | B1 | 88.1 | GIT |
| Image Captioning | nocaps-XD entire | B2 | 74.81 | GIT |
| Image Captioning | nocaps-XD entire | B3 | 57.68 | GIT |
| Image Captioning | nocaps-XD entire | B4 | 37.35 | GIT |
| Image Captioning | nocaps-XD entire | CIDEr | 123.39 | GIT |
| Image Captioning | nocaps-XD entire | METEOR | 32.5 | GIT |
| Image Captioning | nocaps-XD entire | ROUGE-L | 63.12 | GIT |
| Image Captioning | nocaps-XD entire | SPICE | 15.94 | GIT |
| Image Captioning | nocaps-XD out-of-domain | B1 | 86.28 | GIT2 |
| Image Captioning | nocaps-XD out-of-domain | B2 | 71.15 | GIT2 |
| Image Captioning | nocaps-XD out-of-domain | B3 | 52.36 | GIT2 |
| Image Captioning | nocaps-XD out-of-domain | B4 | 30.15 | GIT2 |
| Image Captioning | nocaps-XD out-of-domain | CIDEr | 122.27 | GIT2 |
| Image Captioning | nocaps-XD out-of-domain | METEOR | 30.15 | GIT2 |
| Image Captioning | nocaps-XD out-of-domain | ROUGE-L | 60.91 | GIT2 |
| Image Captioning | nocaps-XD out-of-domain | SPICE | 15.62 | GIT2 |
| Image Captioning | nocaps-XD out-of-domain | B1 | 85.99 | GIT |
| Image Captioning | nocaps-XD out-of-domain | B2 | 71.28 | GIT |
| Image Captioning | nocaps-XD out-of-domain | B3 | 52.66 | GIT |
| Image Captioning | nocaps-XD out-of-domain | B4 | 30.04 | GIT |
| Image Captioning | nocaps-XD out-of-domain | CIDEr | 122.04 | GIT |
| Image Captioning | nocaps-XD out-of-domain | METEOR | 30.45 | GIT |
| Image Captioning | nocaps-XD out-of-domain | ROUGE-L | 60.96 | GIT |
| Image Captioning | nocaps-XD out-of-domain | SPICE | 15.7 | GIT |
| Video Captioning | MSR-VTT | BLEU-4 | 54.8 | GIT2 |
| Video Captioning | MSR-VTT | CIDEr | 75.9 | GIT2 |
| Video Captioning | MSR-VTT | GS | 201.6 | GIT2 |
| Video Captioning | MSR-VTT | METEOR | 33.1 | GIT2 |
| Video Captioning | MSR-VTT | ROUGE-L | 68.2 | GIT2 |