Zhengzhuo Xu, Zenghao Chai, Chun Yuan
Real-world data universally confronts a severe class-imbalance problem and exhibits a long-tailed distribution, i.e., most labels are associated with limited instances. The na\"ive models supervised by such datasets would prefer dominant labels, encounter a serious generalization challenge and become poorly calibrated. We propose two novel methods from the prior perspective to alleviate this dilemma. First, we deduce a balance-oriented data augmentation named Uniform Mixup (UniMix) to promote mixup in long-tailed scenarios, which adopts advanced mixing factor and sampler in favor of the minority. Second, motivated by the Bayesian theory, we figure out the Bayes Bias (Bayias), an inherent bias caused by the inconsistency of prior, and compensate it as a modification on standard cross-entropy loss. We further prove that both the proposed methods ensure the classification calibration theoretically and empirically. Extensive experiments verify that our strategies contribute to a better-calibrated model, and their combination achieves state-of-the-art performance on CIFAR-LT, ImageNet-LT, and iNaturalist 2018.
| Task | Dataset | Metric | Value | Model |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Image Classification | CIFAR-10-LT (ρ=10) | Error Rate | 10.34 | UniMix+Bayias |
| Image Classification | CIFAR-10-LT (ρ=10) | Error Rate | 12.2 | Prior-LT |
| Image Classification | CIFAR-100-LT (ρ=10) | Error Rate | 38.75 | UniMix+Bayias (ResNet-32) |
| Image Classification | CIFAR-100-LT (ρ=100) | Error Rate | 53.59 | Prior-LT |
| Image Classification | CIFAR-100-LT (ρ=100) | Error Rate | 54.55 | UniMix+Bayias (ResNet-32) |
| Few-Shot Image Classification | CIFAR-10-LT (ρ=10) | Error Rate | 10.34 | UniMix+Bayias |
| Few-Shot Image Classification | CIFAR-10-LT (ρ=10) | Error Rate | 12.2 | Prior-LT |
| Few-Shot Image Classification | CIFAR-100-LT (ρ=10) | Error Rate | 38.75 | UniMix+Bayias (ResNet-32) |
| Few-Shot Image Classification | CIFAR-100-LT (ρ=100) | Error Rate | 53.59 | Prior-LT |
| Few-Shot Image Classification | CIFAR-100-LT (ρ=100) | Error Rate | 54.55 | UniMix+Bayias (ResNet-32) |
| Generalized Few-Shot Classification | CIFAR-10-LT (ρ=10) | Error Rate | 10.34 | UniMix+Bayias |
| Generalized Few-Shot Classification | CIFAR-10-LT (ρ=10) | Error Rate | 12.2 | Prior-LT |
| Generalized Few-Shot Classification | CIFAR-100-LT (ρ=10) | Error Rate | 38.75 | UniMix+Bayias (ResNet-32) |
| Generalized Few-Shot Classification | CIFAR-100-LT (ρ=100) | Error Rate | 53.59 | Prior-LT |
| Generalized Few-Shot Classification | CIFAR-100-LT (ρ=100) | Error Rate | 54.55 | UniMix+Bayias (ResNet-32) |
| Long-tail Learning | CIFAR-10-LT (ρ=10) | Error Rate | 10.34 | UniMix+Bayias |
| Long-tail Learning | CIFAR-10-LT (ρ=10) | Error Rate | 12.2 | Prior-LT |
| Long-tail Learning | CIFAR-100-LT (ρ=10) | Error Rate | 38.75 | UniMix+Bayias (ResNet-32) |
| Long-tail Learning | CIFAR-100-LT (ρ=100) | Error Rate | 53.59 | Prior-LT |
| Long-tail Learning | CIFAR-100-LT (ρ=100) | Error Rate | 54.55 | UniMix+Bayias (ResNet-32) |
| Generalized Few-Shot Learning | CIFAR-10-LT (ρ=10) | Error Rate | 10.34 | UniMix+Bayias |
| Generalized Few-Shot Learning | CIFAR-10-LT (ρ=10) | Error Rate | 12.2 | Prior-LT |
| Generalized Few-Shot Learning | CIFAR-100-LT (ρ=10) | Error Rate | 38.75 | UniMix+Bayias (ResNet-32) |
| Generalized Few-Shot Learning | CIFAR-100-LT (ρ=100) | Error Rate | 53.59 | Prior-LT |
| Generalized Few-Shot Learning | CIFAR-100-LT (ρ=100) | Error Rate | 54.55 | UniMix+Bayias (ResNet-32) |