K R Prajwal, Rudrabha Mukhopadhyay, Vinay Namboodiri, C. V. Jawahar
Humans involuntarily tend to infer parts of the conversation from lip movements when the speech is absent or corrupted by external noise. In this work, we explore the task of lip to speech synthesis, i.e., learning to generate natural speech given only the lip movements of a speaker. Acknowledging the importance of contextual and speaker-specific cues for accurate lip-reading, we take a different path from existing works. We focus on learning accurate lip sequences to speech mappings for individual speakers in unconstrained, large vocabulary settings. To this end, we collect and release a large-scale benchmark dataset, the first of its kind, specifically to train and evaluate the single-speaker lip to speech task in natural settings. We propose a novel approach with key design choices to achieve accurate, natural lip to speech synthesis in such unconstrained scenarios for the first time. Extensive evaluation using quantitative, qualitative metrics and human evaluation shows that our method is four times more intelligible than previous works in this space. Please check out our demo video for a quick overview of the paper, method, and qualitative results. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HziA-jmlk_4&feature=youtu.be
| Task | Dataset | Metric | Value | Model |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Speech Recognition | LRW | ESTOI | 0.344 | Lip2Wav |
| Speech Recognition | LRW | PESQ | 1.197 | Lip2Wav |
| Speech Recognition | LRW | STOI | 0.543 | Lip2Wav |
| Speech Recognition | Lip2Wav (EH) | ESTOI | 0.22 | Lip2Wav |
| Speech Recognition | Lip2Wav (EH) | PESQ | 1.367 | Lip2Wav |
| Speech Recognition | Lip2Wav (EH) | STOI | 0.369 | Lip2Wav |
| Speech Recognition | Lip2Wav (Chess) | ESTOI | 0.29 | Lip2Wav |
| Speech Recognition | Lip2Wav (Chess) | PESQ | 1.4 | Lip2Wav |
| Speech Recognition | Lip2Wav (Chess) | STOI | 0.418 | Lip2Wav |
| Speech Recognition | Lip2Wav (DL) | ESTOI | 0.183 | Lip2Wav |
| Speech Recognition | Lip2Wav (DL) | PESQ | 1.671 | Lip2Wav |
| Speech Recognition | Lip2Wav (DL) | STOI | 0.282 | Lip2Wav |
| Speech Recognition | Lip2Wav (HS) | ESTOI | 0.311 | Lip2Wav |
| Speech Recognition | Lip2Wav (HS) | PESQ | 1.29 | Lip2Wav |
| Speech Recognition | Lip2Wav (HS) | STOI | 0.446 | Lip2Wav |
| Speech Recognition | Lip2Wav (Chem) | ESTOI | 0.284 | Lip2Wav |
| Speech Recognition | Lip2Wav (Chem) | PESQ | 1.3 | Lip2Wav |
| Speech Recognition | Lip2Wav (Chem) | STOI | 0.416 | Lip2Wav |
| Speech Recognition | TCD-TIMIT corpus (mixed-speech) | ESTOI | 36.5 | Lip2Wav |
| Speech Recognition | TCD-TIMIT corpus (mixed-speech) | PESQ | 1.35 | Lip2Wav |
| Speech Recognition | TCD-TIMIT corpus (mixed-speech) | STOI | 0.558 | Lip2Wav |
| Speech Recognition | GRID corpus (mixed-speech) | ESTOI | 0.535 | Lip2Wav |
| Speech Recognition | GRID corpus (mixed-speech) | PESQ | 1.772 | Lip2Wav |
| Speech Recognition | GRID corpus (mixed-speech) | STOI | 0.731 | Lip2Wav |
| Visual Speech Recognition | LRW | ESTOI | 0.344 | Lip2Wav |
| Visual Speech Recognition | LRW | PESQ | 1.197 | Lip2Wav |
| Visual Speech Recognition | LRW | STOI | 0.543 | Lip2Wav |
| Visual Speech Recognition | Lip2Wav (EH) | ESTOI | 0.22 | Lip2Wav |
| Visual Speech Recognition | Lip2Wav (EH) | PESQ | 1.367 | Lip2Wav |
| Visual Speech Recognition | Lip2Wav (EH) | STOI | 0.369 | Lip2Wav |
| Visual Speech Recognition | Lip2Wav (Chess) | ESTOI | 0.29 | Lip2Wav |
| Visual Speech Recognition | Lip2Wav (Chess) | PESQ | 1.4 | Lip2Wav |
| Visual Speech Recognition | Lip2Wav (Chess) | STOI | 0.418 | Lip2Wav |
| Visual Speech Recognition | Lip2Wav (DL) | ESTOI | 0.183 | Lip2Wav |
| Visual Speech Recognition | Lip2Wav (DL) | PESQ | 1.671 | Lip2Wav |
| Visual Speech Recognition | Lip2Wav (DL) | STOI | 0.282 | Lip2Wav |
| Visual Speech Recognition | Lip2Wav (HS) | ESTOI | 0.311 | Lip2Wav |
| Visual Speech Recognition | Lip2Wav (HS) | PESQ | 1.29 | Lip2Wav |
| Visual Speech Recognition | Lip2Wav (HS) | STOI | 0.446 | Lip2Wav |
| Visual Speech Recognition | Lip2Wav (Chem) | ESTOI | 0.284 | Lip2Wav |
| Visual Speech Recognition | Lip2Wav (Chem) | PESQ | 1.3 | Lip2Wav |
| Visual Speech Recognition | Lip2Wav (Chem) | STOI | 0.416 | Lip2Wav |
| Visual Speech Recognition | TCD-TIMIT corpus (mixed-speech) | ESTOI | 36.5 | Lip2Wav |
| Visual Speech Recognition | TCD-TIMIT corpus (mixed-speech) | PESQ | 1.35 | Lip2Wav |
| Visual Speech Recognition | TCD-TIMIT corpus (mixed-speech) | STOI | 0.558 | Lip2Wav |
| Visual Speech Recognition | GRID corpus (mixed-speech) | ESTOI | 0.535 | Lip2Wav |
| Visual Speech Recognition | GRID corpus (mixed-speech) | PESQ | 1.772 | Lip2Wav |
| Visual Speech Recognition | GRID corpus (mixed-speech) | STOI | 0.731 | Lip2Wav |
| Lip to Speech Synthesis | LRW | ESTOI | 0.344 | Lip2Wav |
| Lip to Speech Synthesis | LRW | PESQ | 1.197 | Lip2Wav |
| Lip to Speech Synthesis | LRW | STOI | 0.543 | Lip2Wav |
| Lip to Speech Synthesis | Lip2Wav (EH) | ESTOI | 0.22 | Lip2Wav |
| Lip to Speech Synthesis | Lip2Wav (EH) | PESQ | 1.367 | Lip2Wav |
| Lip to Speech Synthesis | Lip2Wav (EH) | STOI | 0.369 | Lip2Wav |
| Lip to Speech Synthesis | Lip2Wav (Chess) | ESTOI | 0.29 | Lip2Wav |
| Lip to Speech Synthesis | Lip2Wav (Chess) | PESQ | 1.4 | Lip2Wav |
| Lip to Speech Synthesis | Lip2Wav (Chess) | STOI | 0.418 | Lip2Wav |
| Lip to Speech Synthesis | Lip2Wav (DL) | ESTOI | 0.183 | Lip2Wav |
| Lip to Speech Synthesis | Lip2Wav (DL) | PESQ | 1.671 | Lip2Wav |
| Lip to Speech Synthesis | Lip2Wav (DL) | STOI | 0.282 | Lip2Wav |
| Lip to Speech Synthesis | Lip2Wav (HS) | ESTOI | 0.311 | Lip2Wav |
| Lip to Speech Synthesis | Lip2Wav (HS) | PESQ | 1.29 | Lip2Wav |
| Lip to Speech Synthesis | Lip2Wav (HS) | STOI | 0.446 | Lip2Wav |
| Lip to Speech Synthesis | Lip2Wav (Chem) | ESTOI | 0.284 | Lip2Wav |
| Lip to Speech Synthesis | Lip2Wav (Chem) | PESQ | 1.3 | Lip2Wav |
| Lip to Speech Synthesis | Lip2Wav (Chem) | STOI | 0.416 | Lip2Wav |
| Lip to Speech Synthesis | TCD-TIMIT corpus (mixed-speech) | ESTOI | 36.5 | Lip2Wav |
| Lip to Speech Synthesis | TCD-TIMIT corpus (mixed-speech) | PESQ | 1.35 | Lip2Wav |
| Lip to Speech Synthesis | TCD-TIMIT corpus (mixed-speech) | STOI | 0.558 | Lip2Wav |
| Lip to Speech Synthesis | GRID corpus (mixed-speech) | ESTOI | 0.535 | Lip2Wav |
| Lip to Speech Synthesis | GRID corpus (mixed-speech) | PESQ | 1.772 | Lip2Wav |
| Lip to Speech Synthesis | GRID corpus (mixed-speech) | STOI | 0.731 | Lip2Wav |
| Lip Reading | TCD-TIMIT corpus (mixed-speech) | WER | 31.26 | Lip2Wav |
| Lip Reading | GRID corpus (mixed-speech) | WER | 14.08 | Lip2Wav |
| Lip Reading | LRW | WER | 34.2 | Lip2Wav |