Image Generation on ImageNet 32x32

Metric: bpd (lower is better)

LeaderboardDataset

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#	Model↕	bpd▲	Extra Data	Paper	Date↕	Code
1	NFDM	3.34	No	Neural Flow Diffusion Models: Learnable Forward ...	2024-04-19	Code
2	i-DODE	3.43	No	Improved Techniques for Maximum Likelihood Estim...	2023-05-06	Code
3	BSI	3.44	No	Generative Modeling with Bayesian Sample Inference	2025-02-11	Code
4	FM	3.53	No	Flow Matching for Generative Modeling	2022-10-06	Code
5	NDM	3.55	No	Neural Diffusion Models	2023-10-12	-
6	DenseFlow-74-10	3.63	No	Densely connected normalizing flows	2021-06-08	Code
7	VDM	3.72	No	Variational Diffusion Models	2021-07-01	Code
8	Hourglass	3.74	No	Hierarchical Transformers Are More Efficient Lan...	2021-10-26	Code
9	Reflected Diffusion	3.74	No	Reflected Diffusion Models	2023-04-10	Code
10	ScoreFlow	3.76	No	Maximum Likelihood Training of Score-Based Diffu...	2021-01-22	Code
11	Image Transformer	3.77	No	Image Transformer	2018-02-15	-
12	δ-VAE	3.77	No	Preventing Posterior Collapse with delta-VAEs	2019-01-10	-
13	MRCNF	3.77	No	Multi-Resolution Continuous Normalizing Flows	2021-06-15	Code
14	Very Deep VAE	3.8	No	Very Deep VAEs Generalize Autoregressive Models ...	2020-11-20	Code
15	Gated PixelCNN	3.83	No	Conditional Image Generation with PixelCNN Decod...	2016-06-16	Code
16	DDPM++ (VP, NLL) + ST	3.85	No	Soft Truncation: A Universal Training Technique ...	2021-06-10	Code
17	SPN Menick and Kalchbrenner (2019)	3.85	No	Generating High Fidelity Images with Subscale Pi...	2018-12-04	-
18	Flow++	3.86	No	Flow++: Improving Flow-Based Generative Models w...	2019-02-01	Code
19	PixelRNN	3.86	No	Pixel Recurrent Neural Networks	2016-01-25	Code
20	DDPM	3.89	No	Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Models	2020-06-19	Code
21	NVAE w/ flow	3.92	No	NVAE: A Deep Hierarchical Variational Autoencoder	2020-07-08	Code
22	ANF Huang et al. (2020)	3.92	No	Augmented Normalizing Flows: Bridging the Gap Be...	2020-02-17	Code
23	BIVA Maaloe et al. (2019)	3.96	No	BIVA: A Very Deep Hierarchy of Latent Variables ...	2019-02-06	Code
24	Residual Flow	4.01	No	Residual Flows for Invertible Generative Modeling	2019-06-06	Code
25	MintNet	4.06	No	MintNet: Building Invertible Neural Networks wit...	2019-07-18	Code
26	Glow (Kingma and Dhariwal, 2018)	4.09	No	Glow: Generative Flow with Invertible 1x1 Convol...	2018-07-09	Code
27	Real NVP (Dinh et al., 2017)	4.28	No	Density estimation using Real NVP	2016-05-27	Code

#1NFDMSOTA
3.34
bpd· 2024-04-19
Neural Flow Diffusion Models: Learnable Forward Process for Improved Diffusion Modelling Code
#2i-DODESOTA
3.43
bpd· 2023-05-06
Improved Techniques for Maximum Likelihood Estimation for Diffusion ODEs Code
#3BSI
3.44
bpd· 2025-02-11
Generative Modeling with Bayesian Sample Inference Code
#4FMSOTA
3.53
bpd· 2022-10-06
Flow Matching for Generative Modeling Code
#5NDM
3.55
bpd· 2023-10-12
Neural Diffusion Models
#6DenseFlow-74-10SOTA
3.63
bpd· 2021-06-08
Densely connected normalizing flows Code
#7VDM
3.72
bpd· 2021-07-01
Variational Diffusion Models Code
#8Hourglass
3.74
bpd· 2021-10-26
Hierarchical Transformers Are More Efficient Language Models Code
#9Reflected Diffusion
3.74
bpd· 2023-04-10
Reflected Diffusion Models Code
#10ScoreFlowSOTA
3.76
bpd· 2021-01-22
Maximum Likelihood Training of Score-Based Diffusion Models Code
#11Image TransformerSOTA
3.77
bpd· 2018-02-15
Image Transformer
#12δ-VAE
3.77
bpd· 2019-01-10
Preventing Posterior Collapse with delta-VAEs
#13MRCNF
3.77
bpd· 2021-06-15
Multi-Resolution Continuous Normalizing Flows Code
#14Very Deep VAE
3.8
bpd· 2020-11-20
Very Deep VAEs Generalize Autoregressive Models and Can Outperform Them on Images Code
#15Gated PixelCNNSOTA
3.83
bpd· 2016-06-16
Conditional Image Generation with PixelCNN Decoders Code
#16DDPM++ (VP, NLL) + ST
3.85
bpd· 2021-06-10
Soft Truncation: A Universal Training Technique of Score-based Diffusion Model for High Precision Score Estimation Code
#17SPN Menick and Kalchbrenner (2019)
3.85
bpd· 2018-12-04
Generating High Fidelity Images with Subscale Pixel Networks and Multidimensional Upscaling
#18Flow++
3.86
bpd· 2019-02-01
Flow++: Improving Flow-Based Generative Models with Variational Dequantization and Architecture Design Code
#19PixelRNNSOTA
3.86
bpd· 2016-01-25
Pixel Recurrent Neural Networks Code
#20DDPM
3.89
bpd· 2020-06-19
Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Models Code
#21NVAE w/ flow
3.92
bpd· 2020-07-08
NVAE: A Deep Hierarchical Variational Autoencoder Code
#22ANF Huang et al. (2020)
3.92
bpd· 2020-02-17
Augmented Normalizing Flows: Bridging the Gap Between Generative Flows and Latent Variable Models Code
#23BIVA Maaloe et al. (2019)
3.96
bpd· 2019-02-06
BIVA: A Very Deep Hierarchy of Latent Variables for Generative Modeling Code
#24Residual Flow
4.01
bpd· 2019-06-06
Residual Flows for Invertible Generative Modeling Code
#25MintNet
4.06
bpd· 2019-07-18
MintNet: Building Invertible Neural Networks with Masked Convolutions Code
#26Glow (Kingma and Dhariwal, 2018)
4.09
bpd· 2018-07-09
Glow: Generative Flow with Invertible 1x1 Convolutions Code
#27Real NVP (Dinh et al., 2017)
4.28
bpd· 2016-05-27
Density estimation using Real NVP Code